Relationship Between Dairy Intake and Hospitalization Risk and Disease Severity in Patients With COVID-19.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether dairy intake was associated with the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease and the probability of hospitalization of patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 141 patients with COVID-19 with an average age of 46.23 ± 15.88 years. The number of men (52.5%) participating in this study was higher than that of women. The association between dairy intake and COVID-19 was evaluated by multivariable logistic regression analysis. The risk of hospitalization in the highest tertile of dairy intake was 31% lower than in the lowest tertile (odds ratio [OR], 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37-1.25, p trend = 0.023). Higher milk and yogurt intake was associated with a reduced risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19. Patients in the third tertiles were about 65% (p for trend = 0.014) and 12% (p for trend = 0.050) less likely to be hospitalized than those in the first tertile, respectively. Dairy consumption, especially low-fat ones, was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 and lower severity of COVID-19.

The association of dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) diet with hospitalization risk in patients with COVID-19.

Background and aim: Given the importance of dietary habits in the immune system, the current study aimed at investigating the association between Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19. Methods: Dietary data of 141 patients with COVID-19 were collected using 147-item food frequency questionnaire. DASH score in this cross-sectional study was calculated based on eight components, including fruits, vegetables, legumes and nuts and seeds, whole grains, low-fat dairy, red or processed meats, sweetened beverages, and sodium. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to estimate the OR and 95% CI for hospitalization due to COVID-19 in each tertile of DASH score. Results: Mean ± SD of DASH score in inpatients (n=74) and outpatients (n= 87) was 22.5 ± 4.57 and 25.34 ± 4.23, respectively. The risk of hospitalization in the highest tertile of DASH score was 81% lower than the lowest tertile (OR=0.19, 95%CI: 0.07-0.55, P trend = 0.001 after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, energy intake). Also, more intake of fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products and less intake of sodium, red and processed meat were each significantly associated with reduced risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19. Conclusions: Our data provide evidence that adherence to DASH-style diet was associated with lower risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19.

Plant-based diet and COVID-19 severity: results from a cross-sectional study.

Although previous findings have shown the beneficial role of healthy eating pattern on the human immune system, the association between plant-based diet and COVID-19 severity has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to determine the possible role of plant-based diet index (PDI) in COVID-19 severity. This cross-sectional, multicentral study was conducted on 141 patients with confirmed COVID-19. Dietary intakes of the patients were evaluated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Then, PDI was compared between patients who needed to be hospitalised (considered severe cases), and those who got treatment at home (considered non-severe cases). After adjustment for confounders including age, sex, energy intake and body mass index, lower odds of hospitalisation were found for participants having a greater score of overall PDI (OR per 10 units increase: 0.42; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.80) and healthy PDI (OR per 10 unit increase: 0.45; 95% CI 0.26 to 0.78). In conclusion, our data presented that there is a relation between PDI and lower risk of hospitalisation in COVID-19 patients, possibly through boosting the immune function.

Apple pectin-based Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) nanoemulsion: An approach to enhance ZEO DNA damage induction in breast cancer cells as in vitro and in silico studies reveal.

Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) is a natural complex of compounds with a high apoptotic potential against breast cancer cells and minor toxicity toward normal cells; however, similar to many essential oils, ZEO utilization in pharmaceutical industries has limitations due to its labile and sensitive ingredients. Nanoemulsification based on natural polymers is one approach to overcome this issue. In this study, an apple pectin-ZEO nanoemulsion (AP-ZEONE) was prepared and its morphology, FTIR spectra, and physical properties were characterized. Furthermore, it was shown that AP-ZEONE substantially suppresses the viability of MDA-MB-231, T47D, and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. AP-ZEONE significantly induced apoptotic morphological alterations and DNA fragmentation as confirmed by fluorescent staining and TUNEL assay. Moreover, AP-ZEONE induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) associated with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), G2/M cell cycle arrest, and DNA strand breakage as flow cytometry, DNA oxidation, and comet assay analysis revealed, respectively. Spectroscopic and computational studies also confirmed that AP-ZEONE interacts with genomic DNA in a minor groove/partial intercalation binding mode. This study demonstrated the successful inhibitory effect of AP-ZEONE on metastatic breast cancer cells, which may be beneficial in the therapy process.

Synergistic effect of Zataria Multiflora essential oil on doxorubicin-induced growth inhibition of PC3 cancer cells and apoptosis.

Today, herbs are used as adjuncts to reduce the toxicity of chemotherapy drugs. Here, Zataria-Multiflora Essential Oil (ZEO) was concomitantly employed with doxorubicin, as an anti-cancer drug, to reduce the doxorubicin dosage. The growth inhibition was determined using MTT assay in treated cells. The morphological alteration was observed by fluorescent staining. To verify and compare the apoptosis, AnnexinV-PI flowcytometry and DNA fragmentation assay were performed, and the influence of the compounds on ROS generation was assessed. Changes in MMP and protein expression were analyzed by flowcytometry and western blot, respectively. The results showed that ZEO can act as an amplifier to sensitize PC3 prostate cancer cells to undergo ROS generation and apoptosis. This amplification can heighten the doxorubicin efficacy in lower doses. Consequently, our results indicated that doxorubicin-ZEO combinatory treatment of PC3 cells can reduce the nonspecific toxicity of doxorubicin and can be considered as a candidate in combinatory therapy.

Stabilization of Zataria essential oil with pectin-based nanoemulsion for enhanced cytotoxicity in monolayer and spheroid drug-resistant breast cancer cell cultures and deciphering its binding mode with gDNA.

Efficacy of chemotherapy is limited by the resistance of cancer cells. Phytochemicals especially Essential Oils (EOs) provide an alternative mode of cancer therapy. However, EOs utilization is restricted because of low bioavailability, and high degradation. Nanoemulsification is a method developed to overcome these obstacles. Accordingly, Citrus-Pectin nanoemulsion of Zataria Essential Oil (CP/ZEONE) was prepared to evaluate the anticancer activity and the mechanisms responsible for the caused cytotoxicity. Physical properties and FTIR spectra of CP/ZEONE were characterized. CP/ZEONE progressively improves the suppression of viability of drug-resistant MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and spheroids. It triggers apoptosis by increasing Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss, DNA damage, G2 and S-phase arrest in MDA-MB-231 cells and spheroids respectively. Additionally, spectroscopy techniques revealed the interaction of CP/ZEONE with DNA via the formation of a groove binding/partial intercalative complex. Thus, ZEO-loaded CP Nano-particles can be further explored as a promising antiproliferative and therapeutic candidate against cancer.

Alteration in inflammatory mediators in seriously eye-injured war veterans, long-term after sulfur mustard exposure.

BACKGROUND: Sulfur mustard (SM) exposure produces extensive systemic and ocular adverse effects on the victims. One of the most important effects is immunological insults that can lead to other organ damages, including the eyes. METHODS: In this descriptive study, 128 SM-exposed veterans with severe eye injury were compared with 31 healthy controls. Tear levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1ß, IL1Ra, IL-6, TNF-α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and Fas Ligand (FasL) were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD); tear breakup time (TBUT < 10″); and conjunctival, limbal, and corneal abnormalities were more frequent among the cases (MS-exposed veterans) than the controls. Ocular involvement was mild in 14.8%, moderate in 24.2%, and severe in 60.9% of the cases. Serum levels of IL-1α and FasL were significantly higher among the cases than among the controls (P < 0.001 and P = 0.037, respectively). Also, a significant decrease was observed in serum and tear levels of TNF-α in the cases as compared with controls (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). Serum levels of FasL were significantly higher in cases with severe ocular involvement than in the controls (P = 0.03). Nonetheless, serum levels of IL-1ß, IL-1Ra, IL-1α/IL-1Ra, and IL-6 were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Serum levels of IL-1α and FasL may cause different ocular surface abnormalities in SM-exposed patients. Lower tear TNF-α concentration may be due to lower serum levels of this cytokine in these patients.

Incorporation of Zataria multiflora essential oil into chitosan biopolymer nanoparticles: A nanoemulsion based delivery system to improve the in-vitro efficacy, stability and anticancer activity of ZEO against breast cancer cells.

In the search of new alternative anticancer agents, essential oils (Eos) play a critical role, exerting selective anti-cancer properties and limiting the toxicity of conventional therapies. However, these compounds still face some challenges. Nanoemulsification (NE) protects labile and sensitive EO ingredients until they are released in the system. Herein, Zataria Multiflora Essential Oil (ZEO) loaded into chitosan (CS) nanoparticles was prepared in aqueous solution by mild emulsification into nanometric particles. FTIR spectroscopy exhibited no covalent interaction between active groups of ZEO and functional groups of CS. The outcomes revealed that CS/ZEONE increasingly improves the proliferation inhibition rate of Breast cancer cells as confirmed by MTT, morphological changes, DNA fragmentation and FACS analyses. Our findings suggested that CS/ZEONE exposure induces apoptosis, generates ROS, and triggers mitochondrial membrane permeabilization as well as DNA damage without harming normal cells. To find out the mechanism more precisely, the interaction of CS/ZEONE with gDNA was elucidated and Intercalative binding with strong stabilization of the DNA helix has been proposed. In conclusion, our data suggested that CS/ZEONE can be further explored as a promising antiproliferative and therapeutic candidate against breast cancer.

Alteration in serum levels of ICAM-1 and P-, E- and L-selectins in seriously eye-injured long-term following sulfur-mustard exposure.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, the serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), P-, E-, and L-selectins were investigated in seriously eye-injured patients exposed to sulfur mustard (SM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 128 individuals with SM-induced serious eye injuries and 31 healthy male controls were included in this study. The serum concentration of soluble forms of adhesion molecules was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. RESULT: The serum level of soluble ICAM-1 was significantly higher in the SM-exposed individuals with an abnormality in tear meniscus height, corneal verticillata, and pannus compared with SM-exposed individuals without these abnormalities. There were no significant differences in the level of all three measured selectins between the SM-exposed group and the control groups. SM-exposed individuals with corneal defect had a significantly higher level of soluble E-selectin than SM-exposed individuals without this abnormality. The serum level of soluble P-selectin in the SM-exposed group with limbal abnormality was significantly lower than that in the SM-exposed without this abnormality; also it was significantly higher in SM-exposed group with fundus abnormality compared to that in the control group or SM-exposed group without this abnormality. CONCLUSION: The changes in the levels of selectins and ICAM-1 in the SM-exposed group with various ocular abnormalities is a defense mechanism against the toxicity of SM. Further analysis is required to understand the molecular mechanisms of the relationship between adhesion molecules with ocular complications in SM-exposed individuals.

Design, Synthesis, In vitro Cytotoxic Activity Evaluation, and Study of Apoptosis Inducing Effect of New Styrylimidazo[1,2-a]Pyridines as Potent Anti-Breast Cancer Agents.

BACKGROUND: This paper reports synthesis, cytotoxic activity, and apoptosis inducing effect of a novel series of styrylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives. OBJECTIVE: In this study, anti-cancer activity of novel styrylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines was evaluated. METHODS: Styrylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives 4a-o were synthesized through a one-pot three-component reaction of 2-aminopyridines, cinnamaldehydes, and isocyanides in high yield. All synthesized compounds 4a-o were evaluated against breast cancer cell lines including MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and T-47D using MTT assay. Apoptosis was evaluated by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, cell cycle analysis, and TUNEL assay as the mechanism of cell death. RESULTS: Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited more potent cytotoxicity than standard drug, etoposide. Induction of apoptosis by the most cytotoxic compounds 4f, 4g, 4j, 4n, and 4m was confirmed through mentioned methods. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, these results confirmed the potency of styrylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines for further drug discovery developments in the field of anti-cancer agents.

Oxidative DNA damage induced by ROS-modulating agents with the ability to target DNA: A comparison of the biological characteristics of citrus pectin and apple pectin.

DNA targeting anticancer agents have been very successful in clinic, especially, when used in combinatorial therapy. But unfortunately, they often exhibit high levels of toxicity towards normal cells. Hence, much effort has been put into finding agents with more selectivity, and less toxicity. Pectins are natural polysaccharides, and beneficial nutritional fibers that have attracted attentions due to their antitumor properties. However, their molecular targets, and mechanism of action are widely unknown. Here, we have reported that citrus pectin (CP) and apple pectin (AP) selectively suppress viability in MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and T47D human Breast cancer cells, while non-toxic to L929 normal cells. Upon CP, and AP treatments, cancer cells' ROS content increased rapidly, and led to the collapse of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential which functions upstream of the caspase-dependent apoptosis. CP and AP treated cancer cells were also arrested at the S and G1 or G2/M phases of the cell cycle, respectively. Furthermore, mRNA expression of Galectin-3 (a multi-functional lectin involved in cell adhesion, cell cycle, and apoptosis) reduced in both CP and AP treated cells. Growth inhibition of MDA-MB-231 cells by CP, and AP was concomitant with DNA damage (oxidation, and strand breaks). In this context, in an effort to clarify the mechanism of action, we showed that CP, and AP are able to interact with DNA. The strength and mode of DNA binding were established by spectroscopy techniques. We demonstrated that CP, and AP bind to dsDNA by intercalation, and groove binding/partial intercalation, respectively. In conclusion, our findings suggest that CP, and AP induce apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells by increasing the release of ROS, which may be related to the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, and direct interactions with DNA. Our data indicate that these compounds may be potentially useful in cancer treatment.

DNA damage and telomere length shortening in the peripheral blood leukocytes of 20 years SM-exposed veterans.

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a vesicant chemical warfare agent, and a very potent alkylating agent. SM exerts its cytotoxicity via direct alkylation of biomacromolecules, and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous studies have shown that SM-induced oxidative stress has adverse effects on antioxidant defense system, and damages lipids and proteins. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of SM-induced oxidative stress on DNA damage, and cellular senescence in SM-exposed victims. For this purpose, MDA levels as a measure of oxidative stress in the serum, 8-oxo-dG content of the genomic DNA, and OGG1 expression as two biomarkers of oxidative DNA damage, as well as, telomere length, and p16INK4a expression as two biomarkers of cellular senescence were measured in the peripheral blood leukocytes of 215 males who were exposed to SM 20 to 25 years ago, and 53 unexposed healthy males as the control group. Our results indicated that the levels of 8-oxo-dG, and OGG1 mRNA expression were significantly higher in SM-exposed individuals. Furthermore, a significant increase in the expression of p16INK4a was observed in SM-exposed patients, and leukocyte telomere length (LTL) was also significantly shorter in severe/very severe cases of SM-exposed patients when compared with unexposed controls. In conclusion, our data indicate that oxidative DNA damage is higher in SM-exposed patients, and their immune system has subjected to cellular senescence.

Monitoring ZEO apoptotic potential in 2D and 3D cell cultures and associated spectroscopic evidence on mode of interaction with DNA.

Recognizing new anticancer compounds to improve Breast cancer treatment seems crucial. Essential oil of Zataria Multiflora (ZEO) is a secondary metabolite with some biological properties, yet underlying cellular and molecular anticancer properties of ZEO is unclear. GC/MS analysis revealed that carvacrol is the major ingredient of the essential oil. ZEO increasingly suppressed viability in MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and T47D Breast cancer cells while nontoxic to L929 normal cells in monolayer cell cultures (2D), whereas MDA-MB-231 multicellular spheroids (3D) were more resistant to inhibition. ZEO significantly induced cell apoptosis confirmed by fluorescent staining, flow cytometry analysis and DNA fragmentation in MDA-MB-231 2D and 3D cell cultures. ZEO increased ROS generation and subsequent loss of ΔΨm, caspase 3 activation and DNA damage which consequently caused G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrest in a dose- and time-dependent manner in 2D. S phase arrest occurred in cell spheroids therefore ZEO possible DNA interaction with gDNA was investigated and revealed ZEO binds DNA via intercalation. Altogether, these data corroborate anticancer properties of ZEO and suggest that cell culture format (2D monolayer vs. 3D spheroid) plays a critical role in drug response and provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying ZEO cytotoxicity effect on Breast cancer cells.

Facile synthesis and antiproliferative activity of 7H-benzo[7,8]chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8-amines.

A series of 7H-benzo[7,8]chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8-amines 6a-t were synthesized as new potential antiproliferative agents. The in vitro antiproliferative activity evaluation of title compounds using MTT assay revealed that most compounds showed significant activity against tested cancer cell lines (A549, MOLT-4, and HeLa). The 2-fluoro-aniline derivatives 6e and 6l were the most active compounds against A549 and MOLT-4 cells, respectively. The benzylamine analog 6h showed superior activity against HeLa cells. However, compound 6l with IC50 values of 5.2-6.9 µM had the best profile of activity against all tested cell lines. The morphological and flow cytometric analyses showed that compound 6l can induce apoptosis in the MOLT-4 cells.

Encapsulation of curcumin in diblock copolymer micelles for cancer therapy.

Application of nanoparticles has recently promising results for water insoluble agents like curcumin. In this study, we synthesized polymeric nanoparticle-curcumin (PNPC) and then showed its efficiency, drug loading, stability, and safety. Therapeutic effects of PNPC were also assessed on two cell lines and in an animal model of breast cancer. PNPC remarkably suppressed mammary and hepatocellular carcinoma cells proliferation (P < 0.05). Under the dosing procedure, PNPC was safe at 31.25 mg/kg and lower doses. Higher doses demonstrated minimal hepatocellular and renal toxicity in paraclinical and histopathological examinations. Tumor take rate in PNPC-treated group was 37.5% compared with 87.5% in control (P < 0.05). Average tumor size and weight were significantly lower in PNPC group than control (P < 0.05). PNPC increased proapoptotic Bax protein expression (P < 0.05). Antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein expression, however, was lower in PNPC-treated animals than the control ones (P < 0.05). In addition, proliferative and angiogenic parameters were statistically decreased in PNPC-treated animals (P < 0.05). These results highlight the suppressing role for PNPC in in vitro and in vivo tumor growth models. Our findings provide credible evidence for superior biocompatibility of the polymeric nanocarrier in pharmacological arena together with an excellent tumor-suppressing response.

Design, synthesis, docking study and cytotoxic activity evaluation of some novel letrozole analogs.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common type of female cancer. One class of hormonal therapy for breast cancer drugs -non steroidal aromatase inhibitors- are triazole analogues. In this work, some derivatives of these drugs was designed and synthesized. All synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities on breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, T47D and MCF-7). METHODS: Our synthetic route for designed compounds started from 4-bromotolunitrile which was reacted with 1H-1,2,4-triazole to afford 4-(4-cyanobenzyl)-1,2,4-triazole. The reaction of later compound with aromatic aldehydes led to formation of the designed compounds. Eleven novel derivatives 1a-k were tested for their cytotoxic activities on three human breast cancer cell lines. RESULTS: Among the synthesized compound, 4-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethenyl]benzonitrile (1c) showed the highest activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines and 4-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethenyl]benzonitrile (1 h) exhibited highest activity against T47D cell line. According to cytotoxic activities results, compound 4-[2-(4-dimethylamino)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethenyl]benzonitrile (1 k) showed comparative activity against T47D and MDA-MB-231 cell lines with compound (1 h) and our reference drug Etoposide. CONCLUSION: In the process of anti-cancer drug discovery, to find new potential anti-breast cancer agents, we designed and synthesized a novel series of letrozole analogs. Cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that compounds (1c) and (1 k) were the most potent compounds with comparative activity with Etoposide. The results revealed that π-π interactions are responsible for the enzyme inhibitions of compounds (1 c) and (1 k).

Synthesis and anti-cancer activity evaluation of new dimethoxylated chalcone and flavanone analogs.

A novel series of chalcones and flavanones discriminated by the presence of a 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl moiety in their structures were synthesized as anti-cancer agents. The cytotoxicity evaluation of the analogs against the MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer), and SK-N-MC (human neuroblastoma) cell lines demonstrated that the introduction of a halogen on the 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl part of both series and the attachment of a pyrrolidinylethoxy group on the C-7 position of the flavanone derivatives increased their activity. Indeed, 3-halogenated chalcones (1c and 1d) were more potent than the standard drug etoposide against all tested cell lines. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analyses confirmed that the anti-cancer effect of the most potent compounds 1c and 1d occurs via apoptosis induction.

Synthesis, crystal structure, and cytotoxic activity of novel cyclic systems in [1,2,4]thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyridine benzamide derivatives and their copper(II) complexes.

Three N-(pyridine-2-ylcarbamothioyl)benzamide derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of potassium thiocyanate, benzoyl chloride, and 2-amino pyridine derivatives in one pot. The obtained derivatives were oxidized using copper(ii) chloride. During the oxidation, two hydrogen atoms were removed, cyclization of the derivatives occurred, and finally, three new N-(2H-[1,2,4]thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyridine-2-ylidene)benzamide derivatives were produced. Coordination of these three new derivative ligands to the copper(II) ion resulted in the formation of three new complexes: dichlorobis(N-(2H-[1,2,4]thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyridine-2-ylidene)benzamide)copper(II), dichlorobis(N-(7-methyl-2H-[1,2,4]thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyridine-2ylidene)benzamide)copper(II), and dichlorobis(N-(5-methyl-2H-[1,2,4]thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyridine-2-ylidene)benzamide)copper(II). All the synthesized products were characterized by IR, (1)H NMR, and (13)C NMR spectroscopies. Crystal structures of the obtained N-(pyridine-2-ylcarbamothioyl)benzamide derivatives, N-(2H-[1,2,4]thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyridine-2-ylidene)benzamide derivatives, and complexes were determined using X-ray single-crystal diffraction; the positions of atoms, bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles were also determined. In all complexes, the coordination of two large monodentate ligands and two chloride anions to the copper(ii) ion resulted in the formation of a stable planar geometry around the central ion. Three N-(pyridine-2-ylcarbamothioyl)benzamide derivatives, three N-(2H-[1,2,4]thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyridine-2-ylidene)benzamide derivatives, and three complexes were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines (breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC, prostate adenocarcinoma cell line LNCap, nasopharyngeal epidermoid carcinoma cell line KB, and liver cancer cell line HEPG-2) using an in vitro analysis. The N-(pyridine-2-ylcarbamothioyl)benzamide derivatives showed no cytotoxic activity, whereas the N-(2H-[1,2,4]thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyridine-2-ylidene)benzamide derivatives and their complexes showed significant cytotoxicity, especially against MDA-MB-231 and LNCap cell lines. The complexes demonstrated smaller IC50 values than N-(2H-[1,2,4]thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyridine-2-ylidene)benzamide derivatives.

Fibrinogen and inflammatory cytokines in spontaneous sputum of sulfur-mustard-exposed civilians--Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study.

Sulfur mustard (SM) causes late complications in respiratory system of exposed individuals. In this preliminary study, the levels of IL-1α and ß, TNF, IL-1Ra, IL-6 and fibrinogen in the spontaneous sputum of SM-exposed individuals were examined 20 years after exposure and the correlation with pulmonary function was tested. The participants were categorized into two major subgroups (hospitalized and non-hospitalized) based on the severity of the clinical complications immediately after exposure. Every participant was visited by a physician; the respiratory functions were checked using spirometry and were categorized as normal, mild, moderate or severe pulmonary complications. The levels of cytokines in the sputum and serum samples were measured using ELISA method. The mean values of TNF, IL-1α and IL-1ß were 524.15, 115.15, 1951.33 pg/ml respectively, and the mean levels of IL-1Ra and IL-6 were 6410.52 and 124.44 pg/ml respectively; fibrinogen was 71.59 ng/ml and index of IL-Ra/IL-1ß was 7.78. There was more TNF-α and IL-1ß and less IL-1Ra and fibrinogen in the sputum of the hospitalized subgroup. The level of TNF-α and IL-1ß also increased in moderate and severe pulmonary status comparing with the group with mild disorders, while fibrinogen was lower or decreased significantly in problematic patients. IL-1ß and TNF showed positive correlation (r=0.5, and r=0.59, respectively); fibrinogen and IL1Ra/IL-1ß have negative correlation with lung function according to the GOLD classification (r=-0.4, and r=-0.61, respectively). It is concluded that sputum cytokines and fibrinogen, reflect the degree of the severity of airway inflammation and the cytokine levels in the sputum might be completely different from the serum fluctuations.

Association of serum immunoglobulins levels and eye injuries in sulfur mustard exposed: Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study.

In this study the associations between ocular problems and serum levels of immunoglobulins in sulfur mustard (SM) exposed population 20 years after exposure in context of Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study was explored. Serum immunoglobulins (Ig) levels including IgM, IgA, IgE, IgG, and subclasses of IgG (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) in 372 SM-exposed patients were titrated and compared with 128 unexposed controls considering their ocular problems. In exposed patients with tearing and blurring of vision, serum IgM levels were significantly lower than matched controls (P=0.026 and 0.027, respectively). Serum IgM levels in exposed patients with normal ocular conditions were significantly lower (P<0.050) than that of matched controls. Serum levels of IgA, IgE and IgG and IgG3 levels were not significantly different between the two groups with abnormal and normal ocular conditions. Mean serum IgG1 levels in exposed patients with normal ocular conditions were significantly higher than the matched controls (P<0.05) except for tearing and photophobia. Mean serum IgG2 levels in exposed with blurring of vision and without tearing, ocular pain, photophobia, lids and bulbar conjuctival abnormalities were significantly higher than that of matched controls (P<0.050). Mean serum levels of IgG4 in exposed patients with normal ocular conditions and most of the abnormal ocular conditions were significantly lower than the matched controls (P<0.05). The results of the current study showed that even 20 years after SM exposure serum immunoglobulins are different from matched normal controls and the levels of IgM and IgG4 are associated with some aspects of ocular surface problems.