ABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Decision Making , Drug Overdose , Scopolamine/pharmacology , Scopolamine/poisoning , Amnesia/chemically induced , Mydriatics/pharmacology , Mydriatics/poisoningABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Semantic verbal fluency (SVF) is the most commonly used test in the evaluation of normal and pathological functioning, whether it be clinically or experimentally. Several studies have suggested that the age, schooling and culture of the subject all affect performance in this test. To date no research has been conducted that proves whether there are differences between subjects who speak the same language but who come from different countries. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from the 'animals' category of the SVF in adult Spanish-speaking subjects and also the influence exerted by culture, age and schooling on the outcomes in this test were both submitted to analysis. The aforementioned variables were compared with the data reported by five research groups. RESULTS: The SVF test yields similar data from one Spanish-speaking country to another, provided that the subjects' age and schooling are taken into account. The differences found in this study may be due to variations in the way the tests are administered and scored rather than any cultural effect. We propose a standardised method of applying the test, so as to allow these variables to be unified in the future. CONCLUSION: Age and schooling are factors that determine performance in the SVF, although this is not true of culture.
Subject(s)
Language Tests/standards , Language , Semantics , Verbal Behavior/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Animals , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Educational Status , Humans , Mexico , Middle Aged , South America , SpainABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: A neuropsychological test battery for 5 to 16 year old children has recently been developed. This battery is called Neuropsychological Assessment of Children (Evaluacion Neuropsicológica Infantil, ENI) and it includes the following sections: attention, constructional skills, memory encoding, perceptual skills, memory recall, language, metalinguistic skills, reading, writing, arithmetic, spatial skills, conceptual skills and executive functions. AIMS: Our aim was to obtain norms for the ENI in a Colombian population between 5 and 16 years of age. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We selected 252 children (92 boys and 160 girls) in the city of Manizales (Colombia), and they were administered the ENI. In order to obtain an external validity, 21 of the participants were also given the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised (WISC R). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found on most of the subtests across age groups. Differences between boys and girls appeared more specifically in tests of visuoperceptual, visual constructional, spatial and numerical skills. Some of the ENI subtests correlated with the WISC R subtests. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that the ENI could satisfy the existing need in the Spanish speaking world for neuropsychological tools with which to assess children and adolescents.
Subject(s)
Neuropsychological Tests , Psychology, Adolescent , Psychology, Child , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Colombia , Culture , Female , Humans , Intelligence Tests , Male , Neuropsychological Tests/standards , Reference Values , Sex Characteristics , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
Introducción. Recientemente se desarrolló una batería neuropsicológica para niños con edades entre los 5 y los 16 años. Esta batería se denominó Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil (ENI), y comprende las siguientes secciones: atención, habilidades constructivas, memoria de codificación, habilidades perceptuales, memoria de evocación, lenguaje, habilidades metalingüísticas, lectura, escritura, aritmética, habilidades espaciales, habilidades conceptuales y funciones ejecutivas. Objetivo. Obtener las normas de la ENI para una población de niños colombianos entre los 5 y los 16 años. Sujetos y métodos. Se seleccionaron 252 niños (92 niños y 160 niñas) en la ciudad de Manizales (Colombia), y se les administró la ENI. Para obtener un índice de validez externa, a 21 de los participantes también se les aplicó la escala de inteligencia Wechsler para niños-revisada (WISC-R). Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la mayoría de las subpruebas al comparar los diferentes intervalos de edad. Las diferencias entre niños y niñas aparecieron más específicamente en pruebas de habilidades visuoperceptuales, visuoconstructivas, espaciales y numéricas. Algunas subpruebas de la ENI se correlacionaron con las subpruebas del WISC-R. Conclusión. Se sugiere que la batería ENI podría llenar la necesidad existente en el mundo hispanohablante de disponer de instrumentos neuropsicológicos para la evaluación de niños y adolescentes (AU)
Introduction. A neuropsychological test battery for 5 to 16-year-old children has recently been developed. This battery is called Neuropsychological Assessment of Children (Evaluacion Neuropsicológica Infantil, ENI) and it includes the following sections: attention, constructional skills, memory encoding, perceptual skills, memory recall, language, metalinguistic skills, reading, writing, arithmetic, spatial skills, conceptual skills and executive functions. Aims. Our aim was to obtain norms for the ENI in a Colombian population between 5 and 16 years of age. Subjects and methods. We selected 252 children (92 boys and 160 girls) in the city of Manizales (Colombia), and they were administered the ENI. In order to obtain an external validity, 21 of the participants were also given the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). Results. Statistically significant differences were found on most of the subtests across age groups. Differences between boys and girls appeared more specifically in tests of visuoperceptual, visual constructional, spatial and numerical skills. Some of the ENI subtests correlated with the WISC-R subtests. Conclusions. It is suggested that the ENI could satisfy the existing need in the Spanish-speaking world for neuropsychological tools with which to assess children and adolescents (AU)
Subject(s)
Male , Humans , Adolescent , Female , Child , Child, Preschool , Psychology, Adolescent , Psychology, Child , Psychology, Child , Neuropsychological Tests , Reference Values , Culture , Colombia , Urban Population , Intelligence Tests , Sex CharacteristicsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To develop a neuropsychological test battery in Spanish for the cognitive evaluation of HIV 1 infected patients. DEVELOPMENT: Departing from the suggestions presented by the work group of the National Institute of Mental Health (USA), a neuropsychological assessment battery was developed. It was named HUMANS (HIV/University of Miami Annotated Neuropsychological test battery in Spanish). This battery includes the following domains: 1) attention and speed of processing information, 2) memory, 3) executive function, 4) language, 5) visuospacial/visuoconstructive abilities, and 6) motor abilities. Administration takes about 3 4 hours. The English parallel version of this battery has been successfully used in English for over a decade with HIV 1 infected patients. In the paper the development and adaptation to Spanish language of the HUMANS neuropsychology section is presented. CONCLUSIONS: HUMANS neuropsychological test battery fulfill the recommendations presented by the work group of the National Institute of Mental Health for evaluating HIV 1 infected patients. Studies regarding validity and reliability are still required.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/physiopathology , HIV-1 , Neuropsychological Tests , Humans , Language , National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) , United StatesABSTRACT
Objetivo. Desarrollar una batería de diagnóstico neuropsicológico en español para la evaluación cognitiva de pacientes infectados con VIH-1.Desarrollo. Se parte de las sugerencias presentadas por el grupo de trabajo del Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental de EE.UU. y se desarrolla una batería de diagnóstico neuropsicológico, denominada HUMANS (delinglés, HIV/ University of Miami Annotated Neuropsychological test battery in Spanish). Esta batería incluye las siguientes áreas: 1) atención y velocidad de procesamiento de la información, 2) memoria, 3) función ejecutiva, 4) lenguaje, 5) habilidades visuoespaciales /visuoconstruccionales, y 6) habilidades motoras. Su realización requiere aproximadamente 3-4 horas. La versión paralela en inglés de esta batería se ha utilizado con éxito durante más de una década con pacientes VIH-1 positivos. En este artículo se presenta la sección neuropsicológica de la batería HUMANS y se explica el proceso de desarrollo y su adaptación al español. Conclusiones. La batería HUMANS cumple con las recomendaciones hechas por el grupo de trabajo del Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental de los EE.UU. para la evaluación de los cambios cognitivos en pacientes infectados con VIH-1. Sin embargo, todavía se requieren estudios relativos a su validez y confiabilidad (AU)
Objective. To develop a neuropsychological test battery in Spanish for the cognitive evaluation of HIV-1 infected patients. Development. Departing from the suggestions presented by the work group of the National Institute of Mental Health (USA), a neuropsychological assessment battery was developed. It was named HUMANS (HIV/University of Miami Annotated Neuropsychological test battery in Spanish). This battery includes the following domains: 1) attention and speed of processing information, 2) memory, 3) executive function, 4) language, 5) visuospacial/visuoconstructive abilities, and 6) motor abilities. Administration takes about 3-4 hours. The English parallel version of this battery has been successfully used in English for over a decade with HIV-1 infected patients. In the paper the development and adaptation to Spanish language of the HUMANS neuropsychology section is presented. Conclusions. HUMANS neuropsychological test battery fulfill the recommendations presented by the work group of the National Institute of Mental Health for evaluating HIV-1 infected patients. Studies regarding validity and reliability are still required (AU)
