ABSTRACT
Morfogênese das galhas induzidas por Baccharopelma dracunculifoliae (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) em folhas de Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae). A galha entomógena mais comum em folhas de Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae) é induzida por Baccharopelma dracunculifoliae (Hemiptera, Psyllidae). O inseto galhador ataca tanto folhas jovens não distendidas quanto as completamente distendidas. Quatro fases de desenvolvimento foram observadas nesse tipo de galha: 1) Fase de dobramento, na qual o limbo dobra-se ao longo da nervura central e devido à aproximação das margens, uma fenda é formada na porção superior da folha. Uma câmara única está presente na face adaxial da lâmina foliar; 2) Fase de intumescimento, em que a folha dobrada torna-se espessada e suas margens aproximam-se, fazendo com que a fenda se estreite. Nesta fase, a galha está madura, suculenta e fusiforme, apresentando coloração verde claro. A câmara ninfal abriga de 1 a vários indutores e é recoberta por cera branca; 3) Fase de deiscência, caracterizada pela abertura da fenda, liberando os indutores; e 4) Fase de senescência, quando torna-se escura e seca. O sistema de revestimento da galha madura é formado por epiderme uniestratificada. O mesofilo apresentou-se intumescido, devido principalmente à hiperplasia do tecido parenquimático. Na nervura central, os tecidos vasculares mostraram-se conspícuos e as fibras perivasculares com aspecto semelhante ao de células parenquimáticas. Nas cavidades secretoras hipertrofiadas, o conteúdo lipofílico era escasso. Nessa galha não se formou tecido nutritivo, mas foram vistas bainhas salivares deixadas pelos indutores junto ao parênquima, aos feixes vasculares e às cavidades secretoras. Os estudos feitos complementam as informações sobre a biologia da galha e contribuem para a compreensão da plasticidade dos tecidos vegetais estimulados por fatores bióticos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Baccharis/parasitology , Hemiptera , Plant Tumors/parasitology , Plant Leaves/parasitologyABSTRACT
In the present study we describe the in vitro pharmacological characterization of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) receptor (NOP) ligand Ac-RYYRWK-NH2 and the synthesis and biological evaluation of 13 Trp5 substituted Ac-RYYRWK-NH2 analogs. Results indicate that Ac-RYYRWK-NH2 behaves as a highly potent and selective partial agonist at the NOP receptors and that the whole indole moiety of the Trp5 side chain is not required, being a phenyl-ethyl side chain already sufficient for maintaining high potency.
Subject(s)
Amino Acids, Aromatic/chemistry , Oligopeptides/chemistry , Opioid Peptides/pharmacology , Tryptophan/chemistry , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Cells, Cultured , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Electric Stimulation , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Oligopeptides/pharmacology , Opioid Peptides/agonists , Structure-Activity Relationship , Vas Deferens/drug effects , Vas Deferens/physiology , NociceptinABSTRACT
The commonest insect gall on Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae) leaves is induced by Baccharopelma dracunculifoliae (Hemiptera, Psyllidae). The gall-inducing insect attacks young leaves in both the unfolded and the fully expanded stages. Four developmental phases were observed in this type of gall: 1) A folding phase, during which the leaf lamina folded upward alongside the midrib and the edges of the upper portion of the leaf approached each other, forming a longitudinal slit. A single chamber was formed on the adaxial surface of the leaf; 2) A swelling phase, in which the folded leaf tissues thickened and the edges of the leaf drew closer together, narrowing the slit. In this phase the gall matured, turning succulent, fusiform and pale green. The single nymphal chamber was lined with white wax and was able to house from one to several nymphs; 3) A dehiscence phase, characterized by the opening of the slit to release inducers; and 4) A senescence phase, when the gall turned dark and dry. The dermal system of the mature gall was composed of a single-layered epidermis. The mesophyll was swollen, and the swelling was due mainly to hyperplasia of the parenchyma. The vascular tissues along the midrib vein were conspicuous and the perivascular fibers resembled parenchymal cells. The hypertrophied secretory cavities contained low lipophylic content. This gall does not form nutritive tissue, but salivary sheaths left by the inducers were observed near the parenchyma, vascular bundles and secretory cavities. This study complements our current knowledge of gall biology and sheds further light on the plasticity of plant tissues stimulated by biotic factors.
