[The function of the peripheral adrenergic link under the action of neuroleptics in immobilization stress]. / Sostoianie perifericheskogo adrenergicheskogo zvena pri deistvii neiroleptikov v usloviiakh immobilizatsionnogo stressa.

The morphofunctional state of different links of the sympathoadrenal system under the action of neuroleptics haloperidol and sulpiride was studied on the model of immobilization stress in rats. The drugs were shown to possess the effect of the pharmacological correction of hormone content in the adrenals and the level of the neuromediator activity of the adrenergic nerves at different stages of immobilization stress. The data obtained indicate the anti-stress action of the studied neuroleptics. The effect of sulpiride is noted both in the early (the stage of anxiety) and late (the stage of exhaustion) periods of immobilization. The action of haloperidol is mainly limited to the stage of anxiety.

[Effect of the N-terminal fragment of substance P1-4 on the somatic manifestations of the stress reaction and on the catecholamine content of the adrenals in rats]. / Vliianie N-terminal'nogo fragmenta substantsii P1-4 na somaticheskie proiavleniia stressovoi reaktsii i soderzhanie katekholaminov v nadpochechnikakh krys.

The antistress affect of the substance P1-4 N-terminal fragment (ARG-Pro-Lys-Pro, 100 mkg/kg, i.p.) has been studied on the model of immobilization stress in rats. It was ascertained that the preparation of protective effect is revealed to the greatest extent on the exhaustion stage (48 h of immobilization), which served to prevent the lymphoid organs mass reduction and ulcer development and also accounted for greater adrenaline and noradrenaline content preservation in tissues and chromaffin cells of adrenal glands in stressed animals.

[Role of the peripheral catecholaminergic systems in the antistress action of neuropeptides]. / Rol' perifericheskikh katekholaminergicheskikh sistem v antistressovom deistvii neiropeptidov.

The mediator activity of the peripheral catecholaminergic systems (the adrenergic nerves of dura mater and the concentrations of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the adrenals of rats) during dynamic and immobilization stress was investigated with the help of fluorescent microscopy and spectrofluorometry. Neuropeptides--dalargin and another enkephalin analog--were injected intraperitoneally, 150 mg/kg. A visible antistress action of these neuropeptides has been demonstrated, it was more marked after treatment with dalargin. The role of peripheral catecholaminergic system in the mechanism of stress-protective effects of neuropeptides is discussed.

Effect of the N-terminal tetrapeptide of substance P SP (1-4) and tuftsin on the pre- and postsynaptic transmitter outflow in rat adrenal gland slices.

Two structurally related tetrapeptides, the N-terminal tetrapeptide of substance P SP(1-4) and tuftsin, exerted some similarities in modifying immune reactions and normalizing stress-induced disorders in the catecholamine system of adrenals. This paper presents results about the effects of tuftsin and SP(1-4) on the cholinergic-adrenergic interaction in rat adrenal gland slices. Both, tuftsin and SP(1-4) inhibited the nicotine-evoked [3H]noradrenaline outflow (postsynaptic effect), but the effect of SP(1-4) was more pronounced. SP(1-4) also inhibited the electrically stimulated [3H]ACh outflow (presynaptic effect), whereas tuftsin did not affect the ACh outflow. It is suggested that the regulation of the cholinergic-adrenergic interaction in adrenals is mediated by specific receptors, which are different on the pre- and postsynaptic side.

[Morphometric ultrastructural study of the adreno- and noradrenocytes of the rat adrenal during immobilization stress of varying duration]. / Morfometricheskoe ul'trastrukturnoe izuchenie adreno- i noradrenotsitov nadpochechnika krysy v usloviiakh immobilizatsionnogo stressa razlichnoi dlitel'nosti.

The ultrastructural organization of secretory granules, containing adrenaline (A) or noradrenaline (NA) was studied in chromaffin cells of the rat adrenal gland after 3-, 24- and 48-hour immobilization stress. Using cytochemical electron microscopic Tranzer's method and the method of morphometry, the number of normal dense cores, "empty" and "semiempty" vesicles was calculated. It was shown that the total content of vesicles and the ratio of investigated types of both adrenaline- and noradrenaline-accumulating granules were markedly changed during stress. The degree of such stress-induced reorganization depended on the stage of stress reaction and involved first A-cells and then NA-cells.

[Detection of the pro-opiomelanocortin peptide fragments--beta-endorphin and ACTH--in the adrenals of rats and mice by immunohistochemistry]. / Vyiavlenie peptidnykh fragmentov proopiomelanokortina--beta-éndorfina i AKTG--v nadpochechnikakh krysy i myshi metodom immunogistokhimii.

Independent peptide fragments of pro-opiomelanocortin molecule, beta-endorphin and ACTH, have been detected immunohistochemically in the adrenal glands of rats and mice. Immunoreactive beta-endorphin and ACTH have been revealed in the adrenal medulla and reticular zone of the adrenal cortex. beta-endorphin and ACTH distribution patterns in adrenal sections were identical, which is indicative of the linked synthesis of these peptides in the adrenal gland. The data obtained suggest the existence of pituitary-independent mechanisms regulating corticosteroidogenesis in the adrenal gland, involving adrenal pro-opiomelanocortin fragments.

[State of the peripheral catecholaminergic systems during pharmacologic correction of immobilization stress using sodium oxybutyrate]. / Sostoianie perifericheskikh katekholaminergicheskikh sistem v usloviiakh farmakologicheskoi korrektsii immobilizatsionnogo stressa s pomoshch'iu oksibutirata natriia.

Fluorescent microscopy and spectrofluorometry of biogenic amines were employed to study the peripheral catecholaminergic systems in immobilized rats which received sodium hydroxybutyrate. The content of catecholamines was measured in the adrenergic nerves of dura mater, vas deferens and chromaffin tissue of the adrenals. It was established that sodium hydroxybutyrate in a dose of 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally promoted returning to normal of the adrenergic mediator activity during alarm and resistance stages. The role of the peripheral catecholaminergic systems in the mechanism of the stress-protective effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate is discussed.

[Changes in the opioid peptide content of the adrenals of rats during immobilization stress]. / Izmenenie soderzhaniia opioidnykh peptidov v nadpochechnikakh krys pri immobilizatsionnom stresse.

Radioimmunoassay was used to study variation in the content of opioid peptides (leu- and met-enkephalins) in rat adrenal glands at different stages of immobilization stress. The data obtained were correlated to the content of catecholamines (CA). It was discovered that during stress, the content of peptides noticeably increased, being independent of the main pool of CA in adrenal tissue.

[Effect of phenazepam on the peripheral catecholaminergic systems in immobilization stress]. / Vliianie fenazepama na perifericheskie katekholaminergicheskie sistemy v usloviiakh immobilizatsionnogo stressa.

Fluorescent microscopy and spectrofluorometry of biogenic amines were used to study adrenergic innervation of the dura mater, vas deferens and medullary substance of the adrenals in immobilized rats treated with phenazepam. It was established that phenazepam (1 mg/kg, i. p.) prevented the decrease in the level of the adrenergic transmitter at the stage of anxiety and promoted its stabilization throughout the entire period of body adaptation to immobilization. The stress-protective effect of the drug appeared reduced at the stage of cachexia.

[Protective effect of phenazepam and sodium oxybutyrate on somatic manifestations in immobilization stress]. / Izuchenie protektivnogo deistviia fenazepama i natriia oksibutirata na somaticheskie proiavleniia pri immobilizatsionnom stresse.

The effects of phenazepam and sodium hydroxybutyrate on the somatic manifestations, ultrastructure of the cortex and lipid content of the adrenals in rats exposed to immobilization were examined. Both the drugs had the stress-protective effect, decreasing the stress manifestations at alarm and resistance stages.

[State of adrenergic innervation of rat mesentery and dura mater during immobilization stress]. / Sostoianie adrenergicheskoi innervatsii bryzheiki i tverdoi obolochki mozga krysy pri immobilizatsionnom stresse.

Fluorescent microscopy combined with an assay of the intensity of nerve structure fluorescence was used to study adrenergic innervation of the rat mesentery and dura mater under immobilization stress. The adrenergic nerves were found to undergo morphofunctional changes over time. These changes were marked by a dramatic fall of noradrenaline fluorescence within the first immobilization hours, followed by rise at the 4th-6th hour of experiment. In prolonged immobilization, mediator activity of the adrenergic nerves remained under initial (control) level. The data obtained attest to the involvement of the peripheral adrenergic innervation in stressor response and in the adaptive mechanisms during immobilization.

[Ultrastructural morphometric analysis of adrenaline- and noradrenaline-containing cells in rat adrenals during physical and emotional stress]. / Ul'trastrukturnyi morfometricheskii analiz adreno- i noradrenotsitov nadpochechnikov krys pri stresse, vyzvannom fizicheskim i psikhoémotsional'nym napriazheniem.

Ultrastructural organization of chromaffin cells of rat adrenal glands was studied in different stress models (48 h of running in the wheel, 48 h of immobilization, and sleep deprivation during 7 days). It was shown by ultrastructural morphometry that chromaffin cells experienced fine structural modifications (a decrease in the number of adrenaline- and noradrenaline-containing granules, swelling of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum). The degree of such modifications depended on a stress situation, being more pronounced during physical stress.

[Effect of chronic stress on the ultrastructure of the myocardium and hypothalamus of "emotional" and "nonemotional" rats]. / Vliianie khronicheskogo stressa na ul'trastrukturu miokarda i gipotalamusa "émotsional'nykh" i "neémotsional'nykh" krys.

The influence of chronic stress on the ultrastructure of the myocardium and hypothalamus was studied in experiments on male rats with different levels of emotional-behavioral reactivity. "Emotional" rats manifested a pronounced increase in glycogen granules in myocytes and intercellular space, appearance of the areas of overcontraction of myofibrils, conglomerates of aggregated platelets in myocardial capillaries, and red cell egress from myocardial and hypothalamic capillaries. Alterations in the ultrastructure of the myocardium and hypothalamus in "nonemotional" rats were less marked and consisted in the appearance of the areas of overcontraction of myofibrils, enlargement of sarcoplasmic reticulum caverns, and in an increase in the lipid content in cardiomyocytes. The ultrastructural changes in the myocardium and hypothalamus of "emotional" and "nonemotional" rats indicate different reactivity of the animals and are likely to be accounted for by different levels of activation of their adrenergic systems.

[Effect of the tetracyclic antidepressants pyrazidol and inkazan on the adrenergic nerve transmission in the rat vas deferens]. / Vliianie tetratsiklicheskikh antidepressantov pirazidola i inkazana na adrenergicheskuiu neiroperedachu vas deferans krysy.

The effect of new tetracyclic antidepressants pyrazidol and inkazan on adrenergic neurotransmission in the isolated rat vas deferens was studied by examining vas deferens contractions in response to the transmural electric stimulation of the postganglionic sympathetic nerves and addition of noradrenaline (NA) or BaCl2. Pyrazidol and inkazan were found to be capable to increase vas deferens contractions in response to transmural electric stimulation or addition of NA. When given in high concentrations, these antidepressants inhibit the adrenergic neurotransmission since inkazan possesses low sympatholytic activity and pyrazidol exhibits certain alpha-adrenolytic effect.

[Effect of certain GABA-ergic substances on dopamine metabolism in the rat brain]. / Vliianie nekotorykh GAMK-ergicheskikh veshchestv na metabolizm dofamina v mozge krysy.

Effect of the GABA-ergic drugs, sodium hydroxybutyrate, n-dipropylacetate (n-DPA) and piracetam, has been studied on the level of homovanillic acid (HVA) and activity of GABA-transaminase in the striate body of the rat brain. It has been established that piracetam in doses of 500 and 400 mg/kg, n-DPA in a dose of 200 mg/kg and sodium hydroxybutyrate in a dose of 500 mg/kg do not affect the HVA level or activity of GABA-transaminase. The data obtained are likely to support a suggestion about a possible relationship between the GABA-ergic and dopaminergic mediator system.

[Effect of carbidine on dopamine turnover in the rat corpus striatum]. / Vliianie karbidina na krugooborot dofamina v polosatom tele mozga krys.

It has been shown that carbidine increases the level of homovanillic acid (HVA) in the corpus striatum of the rat brain. The changes in HVA level allowed forming a judgement on dopamine turnover. By the intensity of this effect, carbidine proved inferior to typical neuroleptics--triphtazine and ftorfenazin. The antidepressant ftoracizin did not alter HVA level. Carbidine ranks between neuroleptics and antidepressants in terms of the effect on dopamine turnover.

[Effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate on the ultrastructure of cross-striated muscle tissue myocytes during physical exercise]. / Vliianie natriia oksibutirata naul'trastrukturu niotsitov poperechno-polosatoi myshechnoi tkani v usloviiakh fizicheskoi.

The ultrastructure of myocytes of the rat myocardium and skeletal muscles was studied in the control during physical exercise and under conditions of two-week sodium hydroxybutyrate pretreatment. It was shown that single maximum physical exercise caused significant changes in the fine structure of cardiomyocytes and somewhat less changes in a pronounced intermyofibrillar edema, the swelling of mitochondria and an acute fall of the glycogen level. A two-week sodium hydroxybutyrate pretreatment prevented the changes in the myocytes. The observed structure normalization induced by the drug is likely to be due to the specific nature of its metabolic transformation and to the effect on the energy exchange.

[Effect of lithium oxybutyrate on the polypeptide and noradrenaline content in the rat hypothalamus]. / Vliianie litiia oksibutirata na soderzhanie polipeptidov i noradrenalina v gipotalamuse krys.

It was established that single administration to rats of 200 mg/kg of lithium hydroxybutyrate releases noradrenalin from the terminals of hypothalamus adrenergic fibers and increases output of polypeptides in the neurons of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. After repeated administration of the drug (200 mg/kg) once a day over 6 days) the nuclei showed depressed output of polypeptides.