ABSTRACT
Aims: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of intraglandular abobotuliniumtoxinA application and oromotor therapy in the management of sialorrhea in patients with cerebral palsy and its effect on sleep quality. Methods: A comparative study (n = 134), mean age 7.1 years (± 3.9 years) was performed in pediatric patients, between the efficacy of abobotuliniumtoxinA in salivary glands and oromotor therapy (JT), with a control group receiving exclusive oromotor therapy (EOMT). Demographic variables, as well as Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), Drooling Severity and Frequency Scale (DSFS), Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) and Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS) were analyzed in 134 patients considering two measurements 6 months apart. Statistical analysis was developed between both groups. Results: The greatest improvement in safety and efficacy of swallowing were those in the JT group with initial levels of EDACS IV and V. Both therapies result in favorable changes of all subscales means of SDSC, with joint therapy showing the greater benefit (p = 0.003) over EOMT (p = 0.06), especially for Sleep Breathing Disorders and Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (p < 0.01 vs. p = 0.07). No major adverse effects were found, only those expected from the application of the toxin, such as pain, mild, and transient local inflammation. Interpretation: A correlation between frequency and intensity of sialorrhea, with the frequency of sleep disorders and dysphagia was found. Conventional EOMT proved to be useful, improving the safety and efficacy of swallowing, sialorrhea and sleep disorder, however it can be enhanced with the application of abobotuliniumtoxinA.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Sialorrhoea has a prevalence of between 10% and 58% in patients with cerebral palsy. Amongst the invasive treatments, botulinum toxin-A injections in submandibular and parotid glands and various surgical techniques are worth mentioning. There are no studies in Mexico on the usefulness of surgery to manage sialorrhoea. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of submandibular gland resection in improving sialorrhoea in patients with cerebral palsy and with a poor response to botulinum toxin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Experimental, clinical, self-controlled, prospective trial was conducted to evaluate the grade of sialorrhoea before surgery, and 8, 16 and 24 weeks after. Statistical analysis was performed using a non-parametric repetitive measure assessment, considering a p < 0.05 as significant. Complications and changes in salivary composition were evaluated. RESULTS: Surgery was performed on 3 patients with severe sialorrhoea, and 2 with profuse sialorrhoea, with mean age of 10.8 years. The frequency and severity of sialorrhoea improved in the 5 patients, with mean of 76.7 and 87.5% improvement, respectively. The best results were seen after 6 months of surgery, with a statistically significant difference between the preoperative stage and 6 months after the procedure (p = 0.0039, 95% CI). No significant differences were observed in complications, increase in periodontal disease or cavities, or salivary composition. CONCLUSIONS: Submandibular gland resection is an effective technique for sialorrhoea control in paediatric patients with cerebral palsy, with a reduction in salivary flow greater than 80%. It has a low chance of producing complications compared to other techniques. It led to an obvious decrease in sialorrhoea without the need to involve other salivary glands in the procedure.
Subject(s)
Botulinum Toxins, Type A/therapeutic use , Sialorrhea/surgery , Submandibular Gland/surgery , Adolescent , Botulinum Toxins, Type A/pharmacology , Cerebral Palsy/complications , Child , Drug Resistance , Humans , Pilot Projects , Prospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Sialorrhea/drug therapy , Sialorrhea/etiology , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of disability among children. Parent's main concerns are the acquisition and improvement of gait. The aim of this study was to compare long term results of the effect of two modalities of gait training. METHODS: Quantitative measurement of gait and clinical assessment of the gross motor function classification system and Modified Ashworth Scale were perfomed in 14 patients with Cerebral palsy -spastic hemiplegia and randomizedly assigned into two groups of treatment: the first one using a driven gait orthosis (Lokomat(®)) and the second a gait training a long a rail inside a hydrotherapy tank. Measurements and assessments, above described, were performed immediately and one year after the treatment concluded. RESULTS: Significant change was observed in the gross motor function classification system from II to I among children (p=0.042) and a positive correlation between the shape functional of the march and the gross motor function classification system (r = 0.54, p = 0.042). Patients on the Lokomat(®) training improved on gait symmetry over patients on the conventional therapy (p = 0.05). A year after, this intervention showed tendency to kept the gait patterns only on patients treated with the Lokomat(®) CONCLUSION: Benefit obtained with either modality was evident for both groups. However, residual effects observed on the Lokomat group, either in clinical assessment or gait parameters, were more promising than in the conventional therapy. Due to the size of the sample used in this study the results are not conclusive and more research must be done on this subject in long term time horizon.
Subject(s)
Cerebral Palsy/physiopathology , Cerebral Palsy/rehabilitation , Hemiplegia/physiopathology , Hemiplegia/rehabilitation , Cerebral Palsy/complications , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Gait , Hemiplegia/complications , Humans , Male , Prospective Studies , Spatio-Temporal AnalysisABSTRACT
La elastografía o sonoelastografía (SE) es una técnica de imagen introducida apenas hace poco más de una década. Se basa en la premisa de que hay una diferencia en la elasticidad del tejido sano comparado con el tejido patológico y esta diferencia podría ser medida en base a la tensión aplicada al tejido. Las propiedades elásticas de los tejidos blandos dependen de su conformación molecular y de su organización estructural, tanto micro como macroscópica. La SE se obtiene cuando sobre la imagen anatómica ecográfica en escala de grises se superpone la imagen paramétrica en color que expresa la velocidad de deformidad de los tejidos; los tejidos suaves tienden a desarrollar una mayor deformidad y tejidos con mayor rigidez presentan menor deformidad. Aunque inicialmente se usó para identificar tejido neoplásico en mama al considerarlo más rígido que el tejido benigno, con el tiempo ha demostrado ser una herramienta útil para determinar de manera no invasiva la actividad muscular, siendo aplicada en la evaluación de lesiones musculares traumáticas, síndromes miofasciales dolorosos y rigidez muscular en parálisis cerebral posterior a la aplicación de toxina botulínica, así como en otras condiciones, como engrosamiento cutáneo en esclerodermia, tendinopatía del Aquiles, epicondilitis lateral, quistes sinoviales y gangliones. No obstante, este método tiene ciertas limitaciones, como la amplia variedad de técnicas y algoritmos de procesamiento, que dificultan la interpretación de los datos y también porque para poder obtener la imagen es necesario hacer una correcta compresión de los tejidos. Actualmente los sistemas de Elastografía cuentan con un software que permite una retroalimentación acerca de la presión ejercida que aunado a una estandarización de la técnica ayudarán a aumentar su valor clínico en las enfermedades musculoesqueléticas. Se hace una revisión de la aplicación de SE en la biomecánica muscular.
Elastography or sonoelastography (SE) is an imaging technique recently introduced just over a decade. Is based on the premise that there is a difference in healthy tissue elasticity compared with pathologic tissue and this difference could be measured based on the voltage applied to the tissue. The elastic properties of the soft tissue depends on their molecular conformation and their structural organization macroscopic and microscopic. The SE is obtained when the anatomic image on grayscale ultrasound overlaps parametric color image that expresses the rate of deformity of the tissues, soft tissues tend to develop greater deformity and tissue deformity have lower rigidity. Although initially used to identify neoplastic breast tissue to consider stiffer than benign tissue, over time has proven to be a useful tool for non-invasively determining muscle activity, being applied in the evaluation of traumatic muscle injuries, myofascial syndromes painful muscle stiffness in cerebral palsy after botulinum toxin application as well as other conditions such as scleroderma skin thickening, Achilles tendinopathy, lateral epicondylitis, ganglion cysts and synovial. However this method has some limitations as the wide variety of techniques and processing algorithms, which make the interpretation of the data and also because in order to get the image you need to make a correct compression of tissues. Elastography systems currently have software that allows feedback about the pressure that coupled with standardization of the technique will help increase its clinical value in musculoskeletal diseases. A review of the application of SE in muscle biomechanics.
