ABSTRACT
@#Introduction: Nurses play critical roles in disaster management and are required to demonstrate leadership by dealing with disaster events effectively. This study aimed to identify the nurse leadership indicators at each phase of disaster management. Methods: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted in two phases between November 2017 -January 2018 at two regional hospitals and one central hospital in Yogyakarta. The first phase involved semi-structured in-depth interviews with seven emergency nurses, and the second was a focus group discussions with five nurses’ managers or lecturers. Participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data Analyze used a modified version framework method. Results: We found 49 indicators of nurse leadership in disaster management. We grouped indicators into two major groups: common indicators (27 indicators) and specific indicators (22 indicators). Four themes were obtained according to the disaster management phases: nurse leadership in the mitigation phase, the preparedness phase, the response phase, and the recovery/rehabilitation phase. Each theme contains three main sub-themes (3Cs): character, competence, and the central role of the leader. Conclusion: Using the International Council of Nurses (ICN) framework’s disaster phase as a conceptual basis, 49 nurse leadership indicators were identified as potential information for future items candidates of the instrument for measuring nurse leadership in disaster management.
ABSTRACT
We studied the mineral composition of statoliths in 154 species belonging to 55 genera of Mysidae. Fluorite (CaF2) was found in 86% of Recent species, vaterite (CaCO3) in 9%, and no crystalline component in 5%. Seven samples of fossil statoliths from Upper Miocene deposits were exclusively calcite (CaCO3). Vaterite has the peak of occurrence in fresh water, fluorite in the photic zone of marine waters, and organic statoliths in oceanic deep waters. With respect to population numbers in the different aquatic biota, vaterite prevails in freshwater species and fluorite is dominant among species in all brackish to marine environments. The occurrence of CaCO3 in fresh to brackish waters coincides with fossil records and biogeographical observations. The Ponto-Caspian region is the center of abundance for Recent CaCO3-precipitating species. The rich brackish to freshwater fauna in this region probably has its roots in the brackish Paratethys, where a rich fossil material of calcareous mysid statoliths is known from Upper Miocene sediments. Morphological and scarce palaeontological evidence suggests that the earliest (Carboniferous to Jurassic) Mysidacea were mainly oceanic shrimps without statocysts; these were followed by (bentho) pelagic animals with nonmineralic organic statoliths. With the colonization of coastal to littoral areas by benthopelagic to benthic forms, mineralic statoliths were formed by precipitation of fluorite. Among the modern Mysidae, a special development occurred (in the Miocene) in the Ponto-Caspian region where CaCO3 statoliths appeared in brackish to freshwater forms. As in vertebrates, the patterns of mineral composition of static bodies in the Mysidae reflect both anatomical and ecophysiological differences.
ABSTRACT
Statoliths of 61 Recent species representing all subfamilies of Mysidae were studied with special emphasis on internal structure. In addition 5 samples of fossil statoliths from Miocene deposits were examined. Species of Boreomysinae and Rhopalophthalminae show simple roughly spherical organic statoliths, with setae originating from the sensory cushion and anchored in the statolith with distal branches extending shortly below the surface. All other subfamilies possess mineralized statoliths of greater structural complexity, with differentiation in core and mantle, where each part may consist of up to three layers. Habitus is hemispherical to discoidal. External gross structures are dorsal tegmen, ventral fundus, and the ambitus forming the outer toroidal to semi-toroidal circumference. Setae penetrate the mantle through mineralic canals and insert on the surface of the core. As suggested by congeneric species of Schistomysis, there is no principal structural difference between statoliths mineralized with fluorite compared to vaterite. However, vaterite statoliths tend to be more often of moruloid appearance and are exceptional by showing a central conical hole (the hilum) or a central cavity in certain forms. These structures are typical of fossil calcite statoliths. In vaterite and fluorite statoliths, the mantle shows radially arranged (= spherulitic) crystal aggregates. Such arrangements are badly preserved in fossil calcite statoliths. In large extant statoliths, concentric structures, mainly in the form of superficial striation and/or concentric microstrata, are visible in coexistence with radial aggregates. Stratification is possibly due to stratified deposition of the nonmineralized gland product, while the spherulitic structure is indicative of subsequent radial growth of crystal aggregates. The structure of accessory fluorite statoliths in the statocyst of Mesopodopsis slabberi leads to the hypothesis that mantle material is formed by secretions of the caudal statocyst gland. After demineralization of fluorite, vaterite and calcite statoliths, an organic template remains showing most essential morphological features of the statolith. From this we conclude that the structure of the statolith is (almost) entirely matrix mediated. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
