Influence of seasonality and biological activity on infection by helminths in Cantabrian bear.

This study aimed to investigate the variations of parasites in the feces of brown bears Ursus arctos inhabiting the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain). A total of 248 bear fecal samples were collected throughout one year, spanning from August 2018 to September 2019, at an approximate frequency of 20 samples per month. The results were analyzed in relation to both the season and the biological activity of the brown bears, i.e., hibernation, mating and hyperphagia. Among the examined samples, eggs of Dicrocoelium dendriticum (32.2%; 95% Confidence Interval: 26.4-38.1), Baylisascaris sp. (44.8%; 38.5-50.9), ancylostomatids (probably belonging to Uncinaria spp.) (16.5%; 11.9-21.1) and Trichuris sp. (1.2%; 0-2.6) were observed. Significant seasonal differences were noted for Baylisascaris and ancylostomatids (χ2 = 21.02, P = 0.001 and χ2 = 34.41, P = 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, the presence of helminth eggs was correlated with the activity phase of the brown bears. Dicrocoelium attained the highest prevalence during the mating phase, while Baylisascaris and ancylostomatids were more frequent during hyperphagia. Notably, the highest egg-output counts for Dicrocoelium and Baylisascaris sp. were recorded during the mating phase and hibernation, respectively, whereas ancylostomatids eggs peaked during hyperphagia. Additionally, variations in egg-output counts were significant for all helminths concerning the season, with the exception of Trichuris sp., and for Dicrocoelium and Baylisascaris sp. According to bear activity. It is concluded that infection by gastrointestinal helminths depends on the season and the biological activity of the bears from the Cantabrian Mountains, and their health status could result influenced.

Firefly (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) species from the Atlantic Forest hotspot, Brazil.

Background: We compiled a database of firefly species records from the Atlantic Forest hotspot in Brazil and made it available at GBIF. Data were gathered from literature and from several key entomological collections, including: Coleção entomológica Prof. José Alfredo Pinheiro Dutra (DZRJ/UFRJ) and Coleção do Laboratório de Ecologia de Insetos from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (CLEI/UFRJ); Coleção Entomológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (CEIOC); Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZSP); Coleção Entomológica Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure from Universidade Federal do Paraná (DZUP/UFPR); and Coleção Entomológica from Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE). This database represents the largest contribution to a public repository of recorded occurrences from Neotropical fireflies. New information: This dataset shows the occurrence and abundance of firefly species in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. Firefly species endemic to this biome are also present and considered in the study. These data can assist scientific and societal needs, by supporting future research projects and conservation decision-making.

Prevalencia de fluorosis en menores de 4 a 15 años, según índice de Dean y su asociación con el nivel de flúor presente en el agua de consumo / Prevalence of fluorosis in children between 4 and 15 years of age according to Dean's index and its association with the level of fluoride present in drinking

Resumen Objetivo. Identificar la prevalencia de fluorosis en menores de 4 a 15 años de edad, según índice de Dean y su asociación con el nivel de flúor presente en el agua de consumo en la provincia de Cotopaxi. Previa una autorización de participación por parte de sus padres y aprobación del comité de la Universidad Central del Ecuador. Métodos. Fueron examinados 115 participantes en las edades de 4 a 15 años, siguiendo protocolos de registro fotográfico validados tras verificar y cumplimiento de criterios de inclusión. A su vez, se evaluaron muestras de agua de abastecimiento que fueron recolectadas según los protocolos adecuados y examinadas según la presencia de flúor. Las fotografías obtenidas fueron analizadas por tres evaluadores certificados y entrenados en la diferenciación de los grados de fluorosis según Dean mediante índice Kappa. Resultados. Los valores emitidos por cada evaluador fueron recolectados tabulados y procesados mediante el programa SPSS, y la prueba estadística de Chi cuadrado y correlación de Spearman, evidenciando ausencia de una relación estadísticamente significativa, entre las variables analizadas. Conclusión. La presencia de fluorosis de leve a moderada en la población analizada no guarda relación con el porcentaje de flúor presente en las aguas de consumo.

Abstract Objective. Identify the prevalence of fluorosis in children between 4 and 15 years of age according to the Dean's index, and determine its association with the level of fluoride present in drinking water from Cotopaxi province. Subsequent to the authorization by their parents and approval by the committee of the Central University of Ecuador Methods. 115 participants between the ages of 4 to 15 years old were examined following validated photographic registration protocols, after verifying and fulfilling the inclusion criteria, along with the supply water samples were collected following the adequate protocols and examined for the presence of fluoride. The obtained photographs were analyzed by three certified evaluators, who were trained in the differentiation of the degrees of fluorosis according to Dean by means of the Kappa index. Results. The values emitted by each evaluator were tabulated and processed through the SPSS program, using the statistical test of Chi-square and Spearman's correlation. The absence of a statistically significant relationship between the variables was observed. Conclusion: The presence of mild to moderate fluorosis in the analyzed population is not related to the percentage of fluoride present in drinking water.

Rubbing behavior of European brown bears: factors affecting rub tree selectivity and density.

Scent-mediated communication is considered the principal communication channel in many mammal species. Compared with visual and vocal communication, odors persist for a longer time, enabling individuals to interact without being in the same place at the same time. The brown bear (Ursus arctos), like other mammals, carries out chemical communication, for example, by means of scents deposited on marking (or rub) trees. In this study, we assessed rub tree selectivity of the brown bear in the predominantly deciduous forests of the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain). We first compared the characteristics of 101 brown bear rub trees with 263 control trees. We then analyzed the potential factors affecting the density of rub trees along 35 survey routes along footpaths. We hypothesized that: (1) bears would select particular trees, or tree species, with characteristics that make them more conspicuous; and (2) that bears would select trees located in areas with the highest presence of conspecifics, depending on the population density or the position of the trees within the species' range. We used linear models and generalized additive models to test these hypotheses. Our results showed that brown bears generally selected more conspicuous trees with a preference for birches (Betula spp.). This choice may facilitate the marking and/or detection of chemical signals and, therefore, the effectiveness of intraspecific communication. Conversely, the abundance of rub trees along footpaths did not seem to depend on the density of bear observations or their relative position within the population center or its border. Our results suggest that Cantabrian brown bears select trees based on their individual characteristics and their location, with no influence of characteristics of the bear population itself. Our findings can be used to locate target trees that could help in population monitoring.

La comunicación olfativa se considera el principal canal de comunicación en muchas especies de mamíferos. En comparación con la comunicación visual y la vocal, los olores persisten durante más tiempo, lo que permite a los individuos interactuar sin estar en el mismo lugar al mismo tiempo. El oso pardo (Ursus arctos), al igual que otros mamíferos, emplea la comunicación química, por ejemplo, por medio de olores depositados en árboles a través del marcaje o rascado. En este estudio, evaluamos la selección de árboles de marcaje por el oso pardo en los bosques predominantemente caducifolios de la Cordillera Cantábrica (noroeste de España). En primer lugar, comparamos las características individuales de 101 árboles de marcaje de oso pardo con 263 árboles control. Después, analizamos los factores potenciales que afectan la densidad de árboles de marcaje en 35 trayectos de prospección a lo largo de caminos y pistas forestales. Planteamos las hipótesis que: (1) los osos seleccionan árboles particulares, o especies de árboles, con características que los hacen más conspicuos; y (2) que los osos seleccionan árboles ubicados en áreas con mayor presencia de conespecíficos, dependiendo de la densidad de población osera o de la posición de los árboles dentro del rango de distribución de la especie. Usamos modelos lineales y modelos aditivos generalizados para probar estas hipótesis. Nuestros resultados mostraron que los osos pardos generalmente seleccionaron árboles más conspicuos, con preferencia por los abedules (Betula spp.). Esta elección puede facilitar el marcaje y/o detección de señales químicas y, por tanto, la eficacia de la comunicación intraespecífica. Por el contrario, la abundancia de marcaje a lo largo de los trayectos no parece depender de la densidad de las observaciones de osos o de su posición relativa con respecto al centro o los límites del rango de la población. Nuestros resultados sugieren que los osos pardos cantábricos seleccionan árboles en función de sus características individuales y de su ubicación, sin que influyan en ello las características de la población osera. Nuestros hallazgos pueden servir para localizar árboles específicos que podrían ayudar al monitoreo de la población.

Risks of Adverse Childhood Outcomes According to Prenatal Time of Exposure to Zika Virus: Assessment in a Cohort Exposed to Zika During an Outbreak in Colombia.

Late gestational exposure to Zika increases the odds of delay in the Bayley-II mental developmental index (MDI) in children with normal baseline neurologic assessments; 9-fold when comparing third and first trimester exposure. Risk of MDI developmental delay increases by 8% for each week of gestational age at time of exposure.

Efectos psicosociales de la enfermedad periodontal en la calidad de vida de pacientes de la Facultad de Odontologia (UdelaR) Un estudio cuali-cuantitativo / Efeitos psicossociais da doença periodontal na qualidade de vida de pacientes da Faculdade de Odontologia (UdelaR). Um estudo qualitativo-quantitativo / Psychosocial impact of periodontal disease on the quality of life of patients of the school of dentistry (Udelar). A qualitative-quantitative study

Resumen Objetivos: Identificar los aspectos psicosociales de la enfermedad periodontal y su incidencia en la calidad de vida de las personas que la padecen. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio mixto cuanti-cualitativo en pacientes de la facultad de odontología UdelaR. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: entrevista (semiestructurada) con base en la teoría fundamentada y la aplicación del cuestionario OHIP-14 (Oral Health Impact Profile) que mide el grado de afectación en la calidad de vida (modelo teórico de Locker). Resultado: Se identifican los factores psicosociales que presenta esta población, así como la afectación emocional y a nivel social que provoca el diagnóstico de enfermedad periodontal. Los resultados muestran una afectación en la calidad de vida de la población de 1,46 en una escala de 0-4, donde 4 es la máxima afectación. Las participantes femeninas mostraron mayor nivel de afectación en la calidad de vida (1,54) en comparación con los hombres (1,36). A mayor grado de instrucción más afectación en la calidad de vida. Conclusiones: Existe una limitación en el enfoque biomédico en la atención de pacientes odontológicos, y por tanto la necesidad de realizar un abordaje integral en pacientes con enfermedad periodontal. Los profesionales odontólogos deben tener un enfoque biopsicosocial en la atención debido a la complejidad que presenta la enfermedad periodontal.

Resumo Objetivos: Identificar os aspectos psicossociais da doença periodontal e sua incidência na qualidade de vida das pessoas que sofrem com a doença. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo e qualitativo misto. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: entrevista (semiestruturada), fundamentada na teoria fundamentada em dados, e aplicação do questionário OHIP-14 (Perfil de Impacto na Saúde Oral), que mede o grau de comprometimento da qualidade de vida (modelo teórico de Locker). Resultado: são identificados os fatores psicossociais que essa população apresenta, bem como a afetação emocional e social que causa o diagnóstico de doença periodontal. Os resultados mostram uma afetação na qualidade de vida da população de 1,46 em uma escala de 0-4, onde 4 é a afetação máxima. As participantes do sexo feminino apresentaram maior nível de comprometimento da qualidade de vida (1,54) em comparação aos homens (1,36). Quanto maior o grau de escolaridade, mais a qualidade de vida será afetada. Conclusões: A limitação da abordagem biomédica no cuidado de pacientes odontológicos e a necessidade de realizar uma abordagem abrangente em pacientes com doença periodontal são evidentes. Os profissionais de odontologia devem ter uma abordagem biopsicossocial ao atendimento devido à complexidade da doença periodontal.

Abstract Objectives: To identify the psychosocial factors of periodontal disease and their impact on the quality of life of patients. Methods: A mixed quantitative and qualitative study was conducted at the School of Dentistry, UdelaR. The instruments used were a semi-structured interview based on grounded theory and the application of the OHIP-14 (Oral Health Impact Profile) questionnaire that measures the degree of impairment of quality of life (Locker's theoretical model). Results: This population's psychosocial factors are identified, as well as the emotional and social effects of periodontal disease diagnosis. The results show a 1.46 impact on people's quality of life on a scale of 0-4, where 4 is the maximum impact. Women showed a higher level of impairment in quality of life (1.54) than men (1.36). The higher the educational level, the more the quality of life is affected. Conclusions The limitations of the biomedical approach to dental patient care and the need for a comprehensive approach in periodontal disease patients are clear. Dental professionals need a biopsychosocial care approach given the complexity of periodontal disease.

Severidad de hipomineralización incisivo molar (HIM) y su relación con caries dental en niños / Severity of incisor molar hypomineralization (IMH) and its relationship with dental caries in children

Artículo original Original articleRevista Metro CienciaSeveridad de hipomineralización incisivo molar (HIM) y su relación con caries dental en niñosSeverity of incisor molar hypomineralization (IMH) and its relationship with dental caries in childrenSylvia Gabriela Pineda Bonilla1, Alejandra Cabrera Arias2Odontóloga de la Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador1Docente de la Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador2Recibido: 28/09/2020 Aceptado:05/10/2020 Públicado:29/10/2020Editorial: Hospital Metropolitano ISSN (impreso) 1390-2989 - ISSN (electrónico) 2737-6303Edición: Vol. 28 Nº 4 (2020) octubre - diciembreDOI: https://doi.org/10.47464/MetroCiencia/vol28/4/2020/42-51URL: https://revistametrociencia.com.ec/index.php/revista/article/view/95Pág: 42-51RESUMENLa Hipomineralización Incisivo Molar (HIM) es una alteración cualitativa en la formación de la estructura del diente que puede producir la pérdida de grandes áreas de la estructura dental. La prevalencia de Hipomineralización Incisivo Molar varía ampliamente en el mundo y han sido pocos los estudios epidemio-lógicos realizados en Latinoamérica y específicamente en Ecuador. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y severidad de (HIM) y su asociación con caries dental en niños y niñas de 8 a 10 años de escuelas primarias públicas del Barrio Las Casas. Materiales y métodos: Corresponde a un estudio, transversal en el cual se evaluó a 366 escolares de 8 a 10 años de edad que asistían a las escuelas públicas del barrio Las Casas, que tuvieran todos los primeros molares e incisivos permanentes completamente erupcionados. Las variables fueron edad, género, escolaridad del representante, ocupación del representante, fre-cuencia de cepillado; las variables clínicas que se evaluaron fueron HIM mediante los criterios descritos por Mathu-Muju y Wright; y caries dental, utilizando el índice International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II). Resultados: La prevalencia de hipomineralización incisivo molar en la muestra total fue de 21.3%, al asociarla con la caries dental se detectó que el 2.2% (n=8) de escolares que no presentaba caries presentó HIM, a diferencia del 9.3% (n=34) de escolares que presentaron caries con cavidades detectables y el 9.8% (n=36) de niños con lesiones incipientes tuvieron HIM. Conclusión: La presencia de HIM fue alta y si estuvo asociada a caries dental, los escolares con HIM presentaron más riesgo de desarrollar caries.

ABSTRACT Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) is a qualitative alteration in the formation of tooth structure that can cause the loss of large areas of tooth structure. The prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization varies widely in the world and there have been few epidemiological studies conducted in Latin America and specifically in Ecuador. Objective: To determine the prevalence and severity of (MIH) and its association with dental caries in children from 8 to 10 years old of public primary schools in Las Casas neighborhood. Material and methods: Corresponds to a cross-sectional study in which 366 schoolchildren between 8 and 10 years old were evaluated who attended to the public schools in Las Casas neighborhood, which had all the first molars and permanent incisors completely erupted. The variables were age, gender, education of the representative, occupation of the representative, frequency of brushing; the clinical variables that were evaluated were HIM using the criteria described by Mathu-Muju & Wright; and dental caries, using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System index (ICDAS II). Results: The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization in the total sample was 21.3% when it was associating with dental caries it was detected that 2.2% (n = 8) of schoolchildren without caries presented MIH, a difference of 9.3% (n = 34) of schoolchildren who presented caries with detectable cavities and 9.8% (n = 36) of children with incipient lesions had MIH. Conclusion: The presence of MIH was high and was associated with dental caries. Schoolchildren with MIH presented a higher risk of developing caries.

Outcomes of Congenital Zika Virus Infection During an Outbreak in Valle del Cauca, Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Despite increasing information in the literature regarding congenital Zika infection, gaps remain in our knowledge of its clinical manifestations. METHODS: We did a prospective observational study of exposed fetuses and infants whose mothers developed symptomatic and confirmed Zika infection during pregnancy in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. We performed neurological, ophthalmologic and audiologic evaluations, and classified outcomes as possibly or uncertainly related to Zika. Frequencies of outcomes were compared according to the trimester of pregnancy when infection occurred. RESULTS: We evaluated 171 products of gestation including 17 pregnancy losses and 154 patients evaluated postnatally. Ninety (52.6%) pregnancies presented an adverse outcome, 36% possibly related with Zika and the remaining 64% of uncertain relation. Infection in the first trimester had the highest frequencies of adverse outcomes possibly related with Zika compared with the second and third trimesters (39% vs. 12.5% vs. 12%) with risk ratios of adverse outcomes possibly related to Zika in pregnancies infected in the first versus second or third trimester of 3.1 (95% CI: 2.4-4.1) and 3.3 (95% CI: 2.5-4.2), respectively. The frequencies of pregnancy loss and microcephaly were 9.4% and 4.5%, respectively. Auditory and ophthalmic abnormalities possibly related with Zika were present in 3% and 6% of the patients evaluated, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a high frequency of gestational and neonatal complications in pregnant women who acquired Zika infection, especially in early pregnancy, resulting in a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Preventive measures are urgently needed to reduce the clinical burden during future Zika outbreaks.

Identifying potential areas of expansion for the endangered brown bear (Ursus arctos) population in the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain).

Many large carnivore populations are expanding into human-modified landscapes and the subsequent increase in coexistence between humans and large carnivores may intensify various types of conflicts. A proactive management approach is critical to successful mitigation of such conflicts. The Cantabrian Mountains in Northern Spain are home to the last remaining native brown bear (Ursus arctos) population of the Iberian Peninsula, which is also amongst the most severely threatened European populations, with an important core group residing in the province of Asturias. There are indications that this small population is demographically expanding its range. The identification of the potential areas of brown bear range expansion is crucial to facilitate proactive conservation and management strategies towards promoting a further recovery of this small and isolated population. Here, we used a presence-only based maximum entropy (MaxEnt) approach to model habitat suitability and identify the areas in the Asturian portion of the Cantabrian Mountains that are likely to be occupied in the future by this endangered brown bear population following its range expansion. We used different spatial scales to identify brown bear range suitability according to different environmental, topographic, climatic and human impact variables. Our models mainly show that: (1) 4977 km2 are still available as suitable areas for bear range expansion, which represents nearly half of the territory of Asturias; (2) most of the suitable areas in the western part of the province are already occupied (77% of identified areas, 2820 km2), 41.4% of them occurring inside protected areas, which leaves relatively limited good areas for further expansion in this part of the province, although there might be more suitable areas in surrounding provinces; and (3) in the eastern sector of the Asturian Cantabrian Mountains, 62% (2155 km2) of the land was classified as suitable, and this part of the province hosts 44.3% of the total area identified as suitable areas for range expansion. Our results further highlight the importance of increasing: (a) the connectivity between the currently occupied western part of Asturias and the areas of potential range expansion in the eastern parts of the province; and (b) the protection of the eastern sector of the Cantabrian Mountains, where most of the future population expansion may be expected.

Responses of an endangered brown bear population to climate change based on predictable food resource and shelter alterations.

The survival of an increasing number of species is threatened by climate change: 20%-30% of plants and animals seem to be at risk of range shift or extinction if global warming reaches levels projected to occur by the end of this century. Plant range shifts may determine whether animal species that rely on plant availability for food and shelter will be affected by new patterns of plant occupancy and availability. Brown bears in temperate forested habitats mostly forage on plants and it may be expected that climate change will affect the viability of the endangered populations of southern Europe. Here, we assess the potential impact of climate change on seven plants that represent the main food resources and shelter for the endangered population of brown bears in the Cantabrian Mountains (Spain). Our simulations suggest that the geographic range of these plants might be altered under future climate warming, with most bear resources reducing their range. As a consequence, this brown bear population is expected to decline drastically in the next 50 years. Range shifts of brown bear are also expected to displace individuals from mountainous areas towards more humanized ones, where we can expect an increase in conflicts and bear mortality rates. Additional negative effects might include: (a) a tendency to a more carnivorous diet, which would increase conflicts with cattle farmers; (b) limited fat storage before hibernation due to the reduction of oak forests; (c) increased intraspecific competition with other acorn consumers, that is, wild ungulates and free-ranging livestock; and (d) larger displacements between seasons to find main trophic resources. The magnitude of the changes projected by our models emphasizes that conservation practices focused only on bears may not be appropriate and thus we need more dynamic conservation planning aimed at reducing the impact of climate change in forested landscapes.

Validación y adaptación transcultural de la escala de resultados de salud oralpara niños de 5 años (SOHO-5) en español Ecuatoriano / Validação e adaptação transcultural da escala de resultados de saúde oral para crianças de 5 anos (SOHO-5) em espanhol Equatoriano / Validation and transcultural adaptation of the scale of oral health out comes for 5-years-old children (SOHO-5) in Ecuadorian Spanish

La Escala de Resultados de Salud Oral para niños de 5 años (SOHO-5) es un instrumento que evalúaCalidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud Bucal (CVRSB)de niños muy pequeños a través de autoinformes y reportes de los padres. Objetivo:-Traducir y adaptar transculturalmente el SOHO-5 al español de Ecuadorevaluando suconfiabilidad y validez. Materiales y Métodos: Un total de 179 niños con sus cuidadores fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente en la Unidad Educativa Santa María de los Ángeles de la ciudad de Quito-Ecuador. Para la validación del SOHO-5 se emplearon variables clínicas: caries (ceo-d), severidad de caries (PUFA), maloclusiones (Grabowski) y traumatismos (Andreasen). Se realizaron dos pruebas piloto realizadas en la escuela Santa Clara de Asís,la primera constócon 20 participantes para la comprensión de las preguntas y la segunda con 30 participantes donde se obtuvo la confiablidad y estabilidad del instrumento. Resultados: Para la confiabilidad se obtuvo un Alpha de Cronbach de 0.86, 0.79 y 0.73 para la versión niños, padres y escala familiar respectivamente,un Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase (CCI) de 0.88, 0.92 y 0.99 para la versión niños, padres y escala familiar respectivamente.El SOHO-5 Ec discrimina entre la ausencia y presencia de caries dental, pulpitis y presencia de fistula (p<0.05). Conclusión: ElSOHO-5-Ec es un instrumento válido y confiable que puede usarse en niños ecuatorianos de 5 años de edad.Palabras clave: Adolescente; Quiste dentígero; Regeneración ósea; Plasma rico en fibrina.

The Scale of Oral Health Outcomes Scale for children of 5 years (SOHO-5) is an instrument that measure the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) of very young children through self-reports and reports from parents. Objective: To translate and cross-culturally adapt the SOHO-5 to the Spanish of Ecuador and to assess its reliability and validity. Materials and Methods: A total of 179 children with their caregivers were randomly selected in the Santa Maria de los Angeles Educational Unit of the city of Quito-Ecuador. For the validation of SOHO-5, clinical variables were used: dental caries (dmf-t), caries severity (PUFA), malocclusions (Grabowski) and trauma (Andreasen). Two pilot tests were carried out at the Santa Clara de Asís school, the first consisted of 20 participants for the understanding of questions and the second with 30 participants where the reliability and stability of the instrument was obtained. Results: For reliability, a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.86, 0.79 and 0.73 was obtained for the children, parents and family scale version, respectively. An Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of 0.88, 0.92 and 0.99 for the children, parent's version and family scale respectively. The SOHO-5 Ec discriminates between the absence and presence of dental caries, pulpitis and presence of fistula (p <0.05). Conclusion: The SOHO5-Ec is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used in Ecuadorian children of 5 years-old.

A Escala de Resultados de Saúde Oral para crianças de 5 anos de idade (SOHO-5) é um instrumento que avalia a Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde Bucal (QVRSB) de crianças muito jovens através de auto-relatos e relatos dos pais. Objetivo: Traduzir e adaptar transculturalmente o SOHO-5 ao espanhol do Equador, avaliando sua confiabilidade e validade. Materiais e Métodos: Um total de 179 crianças com seus cuidadores foram selecionados aleatoriamente na Unidade Educacional Santa Maria de losÁngeles, na cidade de Quito-Equador.Para validar o SOHO-5foram utilizadas as variáveis clínicas: cárie (ceo-d), severidade da cárie (PUFA), maloclusões (Grabowski) e trauma (Andreasen).Dois testes-piloto na escola Santa Clara de Asis foram realizados, o primeiro constou de 20 participantes a compreender as questões eo segundo com 30 participantes, onde se obteve a confiabilidade e estabilidade do instrumento. Resultados: Para a confiabilidade obteve-se um Alpha Cronbach de 0,86, 0,79 e 0,73 para as crianças, pais e escalar familiar respectivamente versão, um coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) de 0,88, 0,92 e 0,99 para a versãocrianças, pais e escala familiar respectivamente. SOHO-5 Ec discrimina entre ausência e presença de cárie dentária, pulpite e presença de fístula (p <0,05). Conclusão: O SOHO5-Ec é um instrumento válido e confiável que pode ser usado em crianças equatorianas de 5 anos de idade.

Trasplante hepático exitoso en un paciente portador del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) / Liver transplantation in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): case report

Abstrac: Before the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were considered as having an absolute contraindication for liver transplantation (LT). Considering the increased life expectancy in HIV positive patients under HAART and the improvements in the management of graft recipients, these patients are now suitable for carrying out transplants in selected cases. We report a 26 years old HIV positive male who developed acute liver failure possibly caused by drug induced liver injury who underwent a successful liver transplantation.

[Liver transplantation in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Case report]. / Trasplante hepático exitoso en un paciente portador del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH).

Abstrac: Before the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were considered as having an absolute contraindication for liver transplantation (LT). Considering the increased life expectancy in HIV positive patients under HAART and the improvements in the management of graft recipients, these patients are now suitable for carrying out transplants in selected cases. We report a 26 years old HIV positive male who developed acute liver failure possibly caused by drug induced liver injury who underwent a successful liver transplantation.

Prevalencia de fluorosis en menores de 4 a 15 años, según índice de Dean y su asociación con el nivel de flúor presente en el agua de consumo

Objetivo. Identificar la prevalencia de fluorosis en menores de 4 a 15 años de edad, según índice de Dean y su asociación con el nivel de flúor presente en el agua de consumo en la provincia de Cotopaxi. Previa una autorización de participación por parte de sus padres y aprobación del comité de la Universidad Central del Ecuador. Métodos. Fueron examinados 115 participantes en las edades de 4 a 15 años, siguiendo protocolos de registro fotográfico validados tras verificar y cumplimiento de criterios de inclusión. A su vez, se evaluaron muestras de agua de abastecimiento que fueron recolectadas según los protocolos adecuados y examinadas según la presencia de flúor. Las fotografías obtenidas fueron analizadas por tres evaluadores certificados y entrenados en la diferenciación de los grados de fluorosis según Dean mediante índice Kappa. Resultados. Los valores emitidos por cada evaluador fueron recolectados tabulados y procesados mediante el programa SPSS, y la prueba estadística de Chi cuadrado y correlación de Spearman, evidenciando ausencia de una relación estadísticamente significativa, entre las variables analizadas. Conclusión. La presencia de fluorosis de leve a moderada en la población analizada no guarda relación con el porcentaje de flúor presente en las aguas de consumo.

Objective. Identify the prevalence of fluorosis in children between 4 and 15 years of age according to the Dean's index, and determine its association with the level of fluoride present in drinking water from Cotopaxi province. Subsequent to the authorization by their parents and approval by the committee of the Central University of Ecuador Methods. 115 participants between the ages of 4 to 15 years old were examined following validated photographic registration protocols, after verifying and fulfilling the inclusion criteria, along with the supply water samples were collected following the adequate protocols and examined for the presence of fluoride. The obtained photographs were analyzed by three certified evaluators, who were trained in the differentiation of the degrees of fluorosis according to Dean by means of the Kappa index. Results. The values emitted by each evaluator were tabulated and processed through the SPSS program, using the statistical test of Chi-square and Spearman's correlation. The absence of a statistically significant relationship between the variables was observed. Conclusion: The presence of mild to moderate fluorosis in the analyzed population is not related to the percentage of fluoride present in drinking water.

Efecto del enriquecimiento ambiental en un grupo de monos araña (Ateles geoffroyi) en cautiverio / Effect of environmental enrichment in a group of captive spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)

Los animales que viven en cautiverio padecen problemas relacionados con el estrés y la falta de estimulación. El enriquecimiento ambiental (EA) proporciona a los animales en esta situación un conjunto de actividades que los alienta a presentar conductas típicas de su especie. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el efecto de un programa de EA en la conducta de una colonia de siete monos araña (Ateles geoffroyi). Se esperaba que la agresión, la coprofilia y las estereotipias fueran menos frecuentes entre los monos, mientras que la exploración y el juego se presentaran con mayor frecuencia. Para ello, la investigación se dividió en dos etapas: una etapa previa al EA y una etapa durante el EA. En cada etapa se registraron las siguientes categorías conductuales: agresión, coprofilia, estereotipias, exploración y juego. Se utilizó un muestreo focal por conducta en registros continuos de 1 hr., obteniéndose en cada etapa 40 hrs. de observación. Al comparar la frecuencia de dichas conductas con la prueba de los signos de Wilcoxon, se encontró que la agresión, las estereotipias y la coprofilia disminuyeron durante el EA. La exploración y el juego se incrementaron significativamente con el EA. No se observaron diferencias significativas al comparar el sexo de los individuos. El EA disminuye los problemas causados por el confinamiento, por lo que debe contemplarse como una herramienta indispensable que de manera constante mejore las condiciones de vida en individuos confinados.

Captive animals suffer from stress and lack of stimulation. Environmental enrichment (EE) provides them with a series of activities that encourages them to present species-specific behaviors. The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of an EE program in the behavior of a 7-spider monkey colony. It was expected that aggression, coprophilia and stereotypes would be less frequent, while exploration and play would increase. The study was divided in two stages: one previous to EE and one while EE was being implemented. A focal sampling per behavior was undertaken in 1-h continuous recordings for a total of 40 hours per stage. We compared the frequency of each behavior with a Wilcoxon's signal test. The results showed that aggression, stereotypes and coprophilia were reduced during EE, while exploration and play increased significantly. No significant differences were found between sexes. EE reduces the problems originated by confinement; therefore, it must be considered a necessary tool to be continuously employed to make an improvement into the life conditions of confined individuals.

[Streptococcus agalactiae increase in resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin in vaginal-anal colonization in third quarter of pregnancy in one decade of universal screening]. / Aumento de resistencia de Streptococcus agalactiae vaginal-anal en el tercer trimestre de gestación a eritromicina y clindamicina al cabo de una década de tamizaje universal.

INTRODUCTION: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is the main causative agent of early perinatal sepsis. The acquisition of prevention policies has led to frequent use of intrapartum antibiotics. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is indispensable for defining drugs of choice and alternatives for such prophylaxis. OBJECTIVES: To determine the evolution of antimicrobial resistance of GBS from maternal colonization to drugs used in the prevention of neonatal sepsis, between 2002 and 2008. METHODS: We studied 100 GBS positive vaginal and anal samples from pregnant women. Disc diffussion susceptibility method was performed for penicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin, erythromycin and clindamycin according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). RESULTS: We analyzed the susceptibility of 99 strains. Seventeen were resistant to erythromycin (17.1%) and 13 were resistant to clindamycin (13.1%). Thirteen of the 17 strains resistant to erythromycin had the MLS phenotype (resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin) and 4 had the M phenotype (resistance to erythromycin only). Within the MLS phenotype, resistance was constitutive in 9 strains, and induced in 4 strains (positive D test). Compared with 2002 there was a significant increase in resistance to clindamycin (from 3.27% to 13.1% p < 0.002) and erythromycin (1.09% to 17% p < 0.001). 100% GSB remained sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin. CONCLUSIONS: GBS remains highly susceptible to drugs of choice for prevention of perinatal sepsis. There is a significant increase in antimicrobial resistance to clindamycin and erythromycin. Therefore, it is necessary to request susceptibility testing in GBS from third trimester of pregnancy screening in patients allergic to penicillin.

Recording vocalizations with Bluetooth technology.

We propose a method for capturing vocalizations that is designed to avoid some of the limiting factors found in traditional bioacoustical methods, such as the impossibility of obtaining continuous long-term registers or analyzing amplitude due to the continuous change of distance between the subject and the position of the recording system. Using Bluetooth technology, vocalizations are captured and transmitted wirelessly into a receiving system without affecting the quality of the signal. The recordings of the proposed system were compared to those obtained as a reference, which were based on the coding of the signal with the so-called pulse-code modulation technique in WAV audio format without any compressing process. The evaluation showed p < .05 for the measured quantitative and qualitative parameters. We also describe how the transmitting system is encapsulated and fixed on the animal and a way to video record a spider monkey's behavior simultaneously with the audio recordings.

Novelty-seeking temperament in captive stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) and spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi).

Novelty-seeking temperament is defined as the reaction to novel or risk situations and objects, and by the global disposition to explore such stimuli. Our purpose was to describe and compare this trait in primates. For this purpose, a risk-taking Index, a curiosity index, and a novelty-seeking index were correlated to several biosocial variables using 22 captive stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) and 7 captive spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Spider monkeys scored higher than macaques, males of both species scored higher than females, and dominant macaques were evaluated as more novelty seekers. We suggest that these differences may be because of, among other reasons, the particular social system of each species.

Vitamin E effects on nasal symptoms and serum specific IgE levels in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that vitamin E intake may reduce IgE production. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of vitamin E supplementation on the severity of nasal symptoms and the serum levels of specific IgE in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. METHODS: Sixty-three patients (mean +/- SD age, 12 +/- 2.4 years) with a history of perennial allergic rhinitis participated in this study. None of the patients had evidence of acute infectious disease or used tobacco, corticosteroids, antihistamines, or vitamins. Patients were randomized to receive either vitamin E (400 IU/d) or placebo for 4 weeks, with loratadine-pseudoephedrine (0.2/0.5 mg/kg) during the first 2 weeks of treatment. The severity of nasal symptoms was evaluated using a validated questionnaire, which was administered weekly for 4 weeks. The serum concentrations of specific IgE to 5 common inhalant allergens and lipid peroxides were measured before treatment and at the end of the study. RESULTS: Before, during, and after treatment, the symptom severity scores were similar in the 2 groups; within each group, a significant decrease was observed after the first week of follow-up (P < .05), with no further changes. Serum levels of specific IgE and lipid peroxides did not show any significant changes related to vitamin E intake within and between groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, vitamin E supplementation (400 IU/d) did not have any significant effects on nasal symptom severity or on serum concentrations of specific IgE to 5 common allergens.