ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Numerous factors can influence decisions regarding the type of delivery of human babies. There is an increasing demand for non-medically indicated cesarean sections (CS) (non-miCS) or CS on request (CSor). Therefore, this survey study aimed to identify the factors that may foster the decision of CS among obstetricians. METHODS: After the sample size calculation returned with 132 needed participants, confidence surveys were sent electronically or disseminated in paper form to nearly all obstetricians (around 200) in the province between mid-August 2021 and mid-February 2022. After signing the consent form, obstetricians were able to provide responses to the four sections of the questionnaire. Data from the copies of the paper were entered into Excel by a local data collector. The data analysis was done using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY) and followed the following sequence: summary statistics were done first; then the groups (for and against non-miCS) were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA); and, finally, regression models were conducted to determine the factors that may affect the favorability of doing non-miCS. RESULTS: A total of 104 obstetricians responded to the survey. Approximately 62.5% of them performed CSor for women who requested it. In addition, more than half (57.7%) agreed that all women had the right and autonomy to choose their mode of delivery. Most providers (65.4) agreed that fear of vaginal delivery (VD) and a bad experience with it are rational reasons for performing a CSor. Unfortunately, some obstetricians (18.3%) faced lawsuits when they refused to perform CSor. As for the factors that may influence the acceptance of obstetricians to non-miCS, it was found that obstetricians who are unsure or refuse to answer (OR=4.30, 95%-CI 1.25-16.29, p=0.025), along with people who do not always perform CSor (OR=4.33, 95%-CI 1.59-12.50, p=0.005) or even refuse it (3.54, 95%-CI 1.05-12.96, p=0.046), are more likely to agree that women have the right to request CSor. CONCLUSION: The surge in CSor rates was mostly correlated with an attempt to escape the fear of VD. However, given the wide discrepancies in obstetricians' opinions in this survey, we cannot draw firm conclusions about the reasons behind this phenomenon. It is also important to explore possible ways to address the problem, such as through litigation with providers who refuse to perform a CSor and through economic reform to protect women from money-grubbing obstetricians.
ABSTRACT
Despite being very infectious and fatal, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lacks a reliable and practical biomarker to assess how serious it will be. Aim: The current study aims to conclude the possibility of C-reactive protein (CRP) level serving as a biomarker for early prediction of COVID-19 infections. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 88 people participated who were infected with COVID-19, aged from 25 to 79 years old. Compare the CRP test range of all samples from patients who visited the hospital between January and April 2022. Results: All participants were confirmed to have COVID-19 through nasopharyngeal swab analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction real-time polymerase chain reaction testing. Results showed that the majority of infected individuals had elevated CRP levels. A P-value of less than 0.05 indicated a significant difference in CRP levels between alive and dead patients. No significant difference in CRP levels was found between male and female patients. The average CRP level of deceased patients was 137.79 mg/l, while the average CRP level of survivors was 14.37 mg/l. The median interquartile range of deceased patients was also found to be significantly higher compared to survivors. Conclusion: In conclusion, serum CRP levels potentially predict the severity and development of sickness in patients with COVID-19 infections.
