ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To estimate prevalence and distribution of cardiovascular risk factors and Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in young individuals admitted to the National University of Colombia in Bogotá. METHODS: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 249 individuals of both genders aged 15 to 20 years. A questionnaire was personally administered to collect demographic, socioeconomic, smoking, perinatal, and women's health data. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and a fasting blood sample were taken. Prevalence of MS was determined and compared using criteria from several qualified institutions. RESULTS: We found a high prevalence of smoking (18.9%), arterial prehypertension (14.1%) and overweight (11.2%), 9.2% of study participants had prediabetes, and the most frequent dyslipidemia was low HDL cholesterol (13.3%). Alcoholic beverage consumption was declared by 60.6% of study terol and plasma triglyceride levels. Gestational age at birth was inversely associated with presence of low HDL cholesterol levels and high blood pressure. Prevalence of the MS varied markedly according to the definition employed: 9.2% using REGODCI (Research Group on Diabetes and Chronic Illnesses) criteria, 2% using IDF (International Diabetes Federation) criteria, and 2.4% using AHA (American Heart Association) criteria. CONCLUSION: The encountered prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors justifies promotion of therapeutic lifestyle changes among this age group in Colombia. Further harmonization of MS criteria in young individuals is needed.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Adolescent , Birth Weight , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Colombia/epidemiology , Epidemiologic Methods , Female , Gestational Age , Humans , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis , Metabolic Syndrome/etiology , Reference Values , Risk Factors , Students/statistics & numerical data , Universities , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To estimate prevalence and distribution of cardiovascular risk factors and Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in young individuals admitted to the National University of Colombia in Bogotá. METHODS: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 249 individuals of both genders aged 15 to 20 years. A questionnaire was personally administered to collect demographic, socioeconomic, smoking, perinatal, and women's health data. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and a fasting blood sample were taken. Prevalence of MS was determined and compared using criteria from several qualified institutions. RESULTS: We found a high prevalence of smoking (18.9 percent), arterial prehypertension (14.1 percent) and overweight (11.2 percent), 9.2 percent of study participants had prediabetes, and the most frequent dyslipidemia was low HDL cholesterol (13.3 percent). Alcoholic beverage consumption was declared by 60.6 percent of study terol and plasma triglyceride levels. Gestational age at birth was inversely associated with presence of low HDL cholesterol levels and high blood pressure. Prevalence of the MS varied markedly according to the definition employed: 9.2 percent using REGODCI (Research Group on Diabetes and Chronic Illnesses) criteria, 2 percent using IDF (International Diabetes Federation) criteria, and 2.4 percent using AHA (American Heart Association) criteria. CONCLUSION: The encountered prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors justifies promotion of therapeutic lifestyle changes among this age group in Colombia. Further harmonization of MS criteria in young individuals is needed.
OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência e distribuição de fatores de risco cardiovasculares e da síndrome X metabólica (SM) em indivíduos jovens admitidos na Universidade Nacional da Colômbia, em Bogotá. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo analítico transversal em uma amostra de 249 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 15 e 20 anos. Um questionário foi administrado pessoalmente para recolher dados demográficos e socioeconômicos, presença ou ausência de tabagismo, características perinatais e sobre saúde da mulher. Medidas antropométricas e de pressão arterial foram realizadas, e uma amostra de sangue em jejum foi coletada. A prevalência da SM foi determinada e comparada utilizando-se os critérios de diferentes instituções especializadas. RESULTADOS: Encontramos uma alta prevalência de tabagismo (18,9 por cento), pré-hipertensão arterial (14,1 por cento) e sobrepeso (11,2 por cento); 9,2 por cento dos participantes tinham pré-diabetes, e a mais frequente dislipidemia foi baixo HDL-colesterol (13,3 por cento). Um total de 66,6 por cento dos participantes declarou consumir bebidas alcoólicas. O índice de massa corporal foi positivamente associado a aumento na pressão arterial, colesterol LDL e triglicérides plasmáticos. A idade gestacional ao nascimento foi inversamente associada a baixo HDL colesterol e à pressão arterial elevada. A prevalência de SM variou acentuadamente, de acordo com a definição empregada: 9,2 por cento segundo REGODCI (Grupo de Pesquisa em Diabetes e Doenças Crônicas), 2 por cento segundo IDF (International Diabetes Federation), e 2,4 por cento segundo AHA (American Heart Association). CONClUSÃO: A prevalência encontrada de fatores de risco cardiovasculares justifica o incentivo a mudanças de estilo de vida neste grupo etário na Colômbia. Uma maior padronização dos critérios definidores de SM em indivíduos jovens é necessária.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Birth Weight , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Colombia/epidemiology , Epidemiologic Methods , Gestational Age , Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis , Metabolic Syndrome/etiology , Reference Values , Risk Factors , Students/statistics & numerical data , UniversitiesABSTRACT
New medicines for the therapy of the type 1 and type 2 diabetes have been incorporated in the list of traditional drugs: oral agents and injectable insulin. These treatment alternatives have a new mechanism of action that takes advantage of the antidiabetic properties of certain peptides such as amylin and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), whose levels are wanting or insufficient in diabetes. This is attained through amylin and GLP-1 analogues, although it can also be achieved by inhibiting the enzyme that degrades the latter. Furthermore, a new system to administer insulin in a noninvasive way through inhalation has become available in the market. This paper summarizes the most important and updated findings on the action mechanism, efficacy, adverse effects and indications of these innovative drugs.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents , Insulin , Administration, Inhalation , Administration, Oral , Amyloid/agonists , Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/adverse effects , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/analogs & derivatives , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Injections, Subcutaneous , Insulin/administration & dosage , Islet Amyloid PolypeptideABSTRACT
After having reached the objective for the LDL cholesterol levels, it becomes imperative to reach the objective for HDL cholesterol, known for its anti-atherogenic properties, generally confirmed in many epidemiological studies. This review deals, in a clear and concise manner, with the different alternatives available in daily clinical practice to raise the HDL cholesterol levels of patients, to achieve better outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular disease.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Cholesterol, HDL/metabolism , Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use , Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism , Cholesterol, LDL/metabolism , Clofibric Acid/therapeutic use , Exercise , Humans , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Niacin/therapeutic use , Piperidines/therapeutic use , Pyrazoles/therapeutic use , Rimonabant , Risk Factors , Smoking/adverse effects , Thiazolidinediones/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Após atingir as metas para os níveis de LDL-colesterol, é imperativo alcançar a meta do HDL-colesterol, por suas conhecidas propriedades antiaterogênicas confirmadas amplamente em muitos estudos epidemiológicos. Esta revisão analisa de maneira objetiva e concisa as diversas alternativas disponíveis na prática clínica diária para aumentar os níveis de HDL-colesterol em nosoos pacientes, com o objetivo de alcançar melhores prognósticos em termos de morbimortalidade cardiovascular.
After having reached the objective for the LDL cholesterol levels, it becomes imperative to reach the objective for HDL cholesterol, known for its anti-atherogenic properties, generally confirmed in many epidemiological studies. This review deals, in a clear and concise manner, with the different alternatives available in daily clinical practice to raise the HDL cholesterol levels of patients, to achieve better outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular disease.
