The quizzical failure of a nudge on academic integrity education: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Studies on academic integrity reveal high rates of plagiarism and cheating among students. We have developed an online teaching tool, Integrity Games ( https://integgame.eu/ ), that uses serious games to teach academic integrity. In this paper, we test the impact of a soft intervention - a short quiz - that was added to the Integrity Games website to increase users' interest in learning about integrity. Based on general principles of behavioral science, our quiz highlighted the intricacy of integrity issues, generated social comparisons, and produced personalized advice. We expected that these interventions would create a need for knowledge and encourage participants to spend more time on the website. METHODS: In a randomized controlled trial involving N = 405 students from Switzerland and France, half of the users had to take a short quiz before playing the serious games, while the other half could directly play the games. We measured how much time they spent playing the games, and, in a post-experimental survey, we measured their desire to learn about integrity issues and their understanding of integrity issues. RESULTS: Contrary to our expectations, the quiz had a negative impact on time spent playing the serious games. Moreover, the quiz did not increase participants' desire to learn about integrity issues or their overall understanding of the topic. CONCLUSIONS: Our quiz did not have any measurable impact on curiosity or understanding of integrity issues, and may have had a negative impact on time spent on the Integrity games website. Our results highlight the difficulty of implementing behavioral insights in a real-world setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was preregistered at https://osf.io/73xty .

Research integrity guidelines and safeguards in Brazil.

Brazilian research output has been growing annually, and so have its domestic and international research collaborations. Accordingly, it is essential to harmonize research integrity guidance and regulations to ensure research quality. Therefore, this study aims to collect and analyze guidance documents on research integrity from Brazilian research performing organizations (RPO). Research integrity guidance documents, regulations, and policies were retrieved from 60 randomly selected universities in Brazil. The search was conducted via the universities' websites and confirmed by e-mail. The documents were analyzed based on inductive content analysis. Relevant documents from 20 RPOs were identified. 28% of the included institutions have developed their own guidelines or adopted some guidance document on research integrity. Best practices, misconduct and misbehaviors, principles, and institutional policies regarding sanctions differ between universities. The RPOs where research integrity guidance documents could be identified are concentrated mainly in the southeastern and southern areas. The number and distribution heterogeneity highlights the need to increase awareness and create regulatory documents on research integrity in Brazilian universities. Further Research Performing and Funding Organizations' initiatives are needed to foster research integrity in Brazil and harmonize it with international standards.

Perceptions of publication pressure among Hungarian researchers: Differences across career stage, gender, and scientific field.

Excessive publication pressure has been associated with detrimental aspects for individual researchers and scientific integrity but has not been well-studied in Eastern European countries. The aim of this study is to assess perceived publication pressure and its relationship with career stage, scientific field, and gender in Hungary. The survey included demographic questions, such as gender, age, scientific field, career stage, and the Revised Publication Pressure Questionnaire (PPQr). A total of 408 respondents completed the survey, 46% were female, and 54% were male. 45% are PhD students, 17% are postdocs or assistant professors, and 38% are associate or full professors. 31% are from the Biomedical Sciences, 39% from Natural Sciences, 18% from Social Sciences, and 12% from Humanities. Our results showed no significant disciplinary differences in perceived publication pressure. PhD students perceived a greater lack of resources than postdocs and professors. The same applied to postdocs and assistant professors when compared to associate professors. The findings also showed that female researchers perceive greater stress than male researchers. Our study highlights the need to improve mentoring during the development of early-career researchers. It also emphasizes the importance of organizational structures developing policies or strategies to address gender differences in academia.

Perceptions of Research Integrity Climate in Hungarian Universities: Results from A Survey among Academic Researchers.

Research integrity climate is an important factor that influences an individual's behavior. A strong research integrity culture can lead to better research practices and responsible conduct of research (RCR). Therefore, investigations on organizational climate can be a valuable tool to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each group and develop targeted initiatives. This study aims to assess the perceptions on integrity climate in three universities in Hungary. A cross-sectional study was conducted with PhD students, postdocs, and professors from three Hungarian universities. The survey included demographic questions, such as gender, age, scientific field, academic rank, and the Survey of Organizational Research Climate (SOURCE). A total of 432 participants completed the survey. Our results show that postdocs and assistant professors perceived integrity climate more negatively than PhD students and full professors in every survey scale. Contrarily, PhD students perceive more positively than the other groups. Disciplinary differences show that researchers in the Biomedical sciences perceive regulatory bodies to be fairer when evaluating their projects than those in the Natural sciences. Natural sciences also perceive more negatively how the department values integrity when compared to Humanities. Humanities perceive more positively Advisor/Advisee Relations than Biomedical Sciences. Our results suggest that institutions should pay more attention to early career researchers, especially insecure and temporary positions like postdocs and assistant professors. They should provide RCR resources, socialize them in RCR, and set more reasonable expectations. Moreover, department leaders should develop initiatives to foster better integrity climates.

A scoping review of the literature featuring research ethics and research integrity cases.

BACKGROUND: The areas of Research Ethics (RE) and Research Integrity (RI) are rapidly evolving. Cases of research misconduct, other transgressions related to RE and RI, and forms of ethically questionable behaviors have been frequently published. The objective of this scoping review was to collect RE and RI cases, analyze their main characteristics, and discuss how these cases are represented in the scientific literature. METHODS: The search included cases involving a violation of, or misbehavior, poor judgment, or detrimental research practice in relation to a normative framework. A search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, JSTOR, Ovid, and Science Direct in March 2018, without language or date restriction. Data relating to the articles and the cases were extracted from case descriptions. RESULTS: A total of 14,719 records were identified, and 388 items were included in the qualitative synthesis. The papers contained 500 case descriptions. After applying the eligibility criteria, 238 cases were included in the analysis. In the case analysis, fabrication and falsification were the most frequently tagged violations (44.9%). The non-adherence to pertinent laws and regulations, such as lack of informed consent and REC approval, was the second most frequently tagged violation (15.7%), followed by patient safety issues (11.1%) and plagiarism (6.9%). 80.8% of cases were from the Medical and Health Sciences, 11.5% from the Natural Sciences, 4.3% from Social Sciences, 2.1% from Engineering and Technology, and 1.3% from Humanities. Paper retraction was the most prevalent sanction (45.4%), followed by exclusion from funding applications (35.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Case descriptions found in academic journals are dominated by discussions regarding prominent cases and are mainly published in the news section of journals. Our results show that there is an overrepresentation of biomedical research cases over other scientific fields compared to its proportion in scientific publications. The cases mostly involve fabrication, falsification, and patient safety issues. This finding could have a significant impact on the academic representation of misbehaviors. The predominance of fabrication and falsification cases might diverge the attention of the academic community from relevant but less visible violations, and from recently emerging forms of misbehaviors.

The Effectiveness of the Cold Therapy (cryotherapy) in the Management of Inflammatory Parameters after Removal of Mandibular Third Molars: A Meta-Analysis.

Introduction Cold therapy (cryotherapy) is a common procedure recommended by dental surgeons after surgical removal of third molars, which is an invasive intervention that often deals with an expressive inflammatory response. Objective To investigate whether cryotherapy interferes with clinical outcomes such as pain, edema, and trismus in the postoperative period of mandibular third molar surgeries. Data Synthesis An electronic search was conducted in the OVID, PubMed, VHL, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases, through March 2018. The eligibility criteria included clinical trials that evaluated the effect of cryotherapy in at least one of the following variables: pain, swelling, and trismus. Two independent reviewers assessed the studies. The methodological quality of each article was analyzed. The search strategy resulted in 1,088 articles. Following the selection process, 11 studies were included in the systematic review and 4 of them in the meta-analysis. High risk of bias was found in most of the studies according to the Cochrane Handbook assessment. Patients receiving cryotherapy had less edema than patients in the control group at second day follow-up (mean difference [MD]: -0.94; 95%CI [-1.49; -0.39]). There were no statistically significant results when comparing trismus between experimental and control group (MD: 0.43; 95%CI [-0.34;1.20]). There were insufficient available data to support influences in postoperative pain. Conclusions Cryotherapy applied on the first day after mandibular third molar removal can manage edema in the patients. Well-designed randomized clinical trials to test the efficacy of cryotherapy after surgical removal of third molars are needed to justify its indication.

The effectiveness of the cold therapy (cryotherapy) in the management of inflammatory parameters after removal of mandibular third molars: a meta-analysis

Introduction: Cold therapy (cryotherapy) is a common procedure recommended by dental surgeons after surgical removal of thirdmolars, which is an invasive intervention that often deals with an expressive inflammatory response. Objective: To investigate whether cryotherapy interferes with clinical outcomes such as pain, edema, and trismus in the postoperative period of mandibular third molar surgeries. Data Synthesis: An electronic search was conducted in the OVID, PubMed, VHL, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases, through March 2018. The eligibility criteria included clinical trials that evaluated the effect of cryotherapy in at least one of the following variables: pain, swelling, and trismus. Two independent reviewers assessed the studies. The methodological quality of each article was analyzed. The search strategy resulted in 1,088 articles. Following the selection process, 11 studies were included in the systematic review and 4 of them in the meta-analysis. High risk of bias was found in most of the studies according to the Cochrane Handbook assessment. Patients receiving cryotherapy had less edema than patients in the control group at second day follow-up (mean difference [MD]: -0.94; 95%CI [-1.49; -0.39]). There were no statistically significant results when comparing trismus between experimental and control group (MD: 0.43; 95%CI [-0.34;1.20]). There were insufficient available data to support influences in postoperative pain. Conclusions: Cryotherapy applied on thefirstday aftermandibular third molar removal can manage edema in the patients.Well-designed randomized clinical trials to test the efficacy of cryotherapy after surgical removal of third molars are needed to justify its indication (AU)

Third Molar and Their Relationship with Caries on the Distal Surface of Second Molar: A Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine which characteristics of mandibular third molars (MTMs) are more often associated with an increase in the prevalence/incidence of caries on the distal surface of mandibular second molars (MSMs). METHODS: Three electronic databases were analyzed: PubMed; OVID and the Virtual Health Library. Observational studies were included, and the risk of bias was assessed using The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software program was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included in this systematic review, and five were included in the meta-analysis. The distal surface of MSMs were more likely to exhibit caries in the following scenarios: when MTMs were found in the A position, rather than the C position (OR: 3.45, 95% CI: 2.28-5.22, p<0.001); when the horizontal position was compared with the vertical (OR: 8.12, 95% CI: 3.75-17.58, p<0.001) and distoangular (OR: 9.75, 95% CI: 3.49 - 27.25, p<0.001) positions; and when the mesioangular position was compared with the vertical (OR: 7.25, 95% CI: 3.48-15.10, p<0.001) and distoangular (OR: 9.54, 95% CI: 3.47 - 26.21, p<0.001) positions. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the presence of MTMs increases the incidence of caries on the distal surface of MSMs. Furthermore, caries on the distal surface of MSMs is more commonly associated with position A and horizontal and mesioangular mandibular molars.

Conhecimentos de biossegurança para as principais atividades de risco envolvendo servidores públicos, discentes e empregados da limpeza do curso de odontologia da UFVJM/Diamantina / Biosafety knowledge for the main risk activities involving public servers, students and cleaning staff of the dentistry course of UFVJM/Diamantina

Introdução: Biossegurança é um tema fundamental na odontologia considerando os procedimentos em que o profissional e a equipe de trabalho entram em contato com secreções da cavidade oral,potencialmente contaminantes. Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento de biossegurança dos servidores, discentes e empregados da limpeza responsáveis pelas clínicas e laboratórios do curso de Odontologia da UFVJM. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa, utilizando quatro questionários validados, um para cada grupo-alvo dos envolvidos. Resultados: No total, foram avaliados questionários respondidos por 156 discentes, 17 técnicos, 19 docentes e 7 empregados da limpeza. Observa-se que 84,2% dos docentes abordam o tema biossegurança, entretanto, 31,6% dos docentes consideram que osalunos não são conscientes sobre biossegurança. 42,9% dos funcionários da limpeza não sabem o que é biossegurança, 100% não receberam nenhuma capacitação e gostariam de receber mais informações. Dentre os técnicos do Departamento de Odontologia, 64,7% não receberam treinamento prévio esomente 11,8% recebem treinamento periódico para prevenção de acidentes. Dentre os discentes, 48,7%consideram que o ensino é insuficiente para uma prática clínica segura, 17,9% não usam EPI completo,55,8% dos alunos não saberiam se portar diante a um acidente com material contaminado, apesar de25,6% relatarem que já sofreram algum acidente. Conclusão: A abordagem pedagógica sobre biossegurança no curso de Odontologia deve ser revista para capacitar melhor os alunos e diminuir adistância entre o conhecimento teórico e a prática. É necessário investir em capacitação de toda a equipede profissionais envolvidos no curso de Odontologia.

Introduction: Biosafety is a key issue in dentistry considering the procedures in the professional and the work team come in contact with secretions from the oral cavity, potentially contaminating. Objective: To evaluate the biosafety knowledge of teachers, technicians, students and employees responsible forcleaning clinics and laboratories of the course of Dentistry UFVJM. Methodology: A qualitative andquantitative research was carried out using four validated questionnaires, one for each target group ofthose involved. Results: In total, were evaluated questionnaires answered by 156 students, 17 technicians,19 teachers and 7 employees cleaning. From the results, it is observed that 84.2% of teachers report thataddress biosafety, however, 31.6% of teachers believe that students are not aware of biosafety. 42.9% ofthe cleaning staff do not know what is biosafety, 100% received no training and would like to receive moreinformation. Among the technicians of the Department of Dentistry, 64.7% did not receive prior training andonly 11.8% receive periodic training to prevent accidents. Among the students, 48.7% believe thateducation is insufficient for safe clinical practice, 17.9% do not use PPE complete, 55.8% of studentswould not know how to behave in front of an accident with contaminated material, although 25.6% reportthat have suffered an accident. Conclusion: The pedagogical approach on biosafety in the Dentistry courseshould be revised to better enable students and bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge andpractice. It is necessary to invest in training of all professional staff involved in the course of Dentistry.