ABSTRACT
Poor sanitation is thought to be a major cause of enteric infections among young children. However, there are no previously published randomized trials to measure the health impacts of large-scale sanitation programs. India's Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) is one such program that seeks to end the practice of open defecation by changing social norms and behaviors, and providing technical support and financial subsidies. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of the TSC implemented with capacity building support from the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program in Madhya Pradesh on availability of individual household latrines (IHLs), defecation behaviors, and child health (diarrhea, highly credible gastrointestinal illness [HCGI], parasitic infections, anemia, growth).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Cluster Analysis , Defecation/physiology , Diarrhea/prevention & control , Anemia/etiology , Anemia/epidemiology , Rural Population/statistics & numerical data , Toilet Facilities/statistics & numerical data , Environmental Hazards , Gastrointestinal Diseases/prevention & control , IndiaABSTRACT
Toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed parasitic protozoan that infects most warm-blooded animals. We incorporated a bead coupled with recombinant SAG2A protein into our Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) multiplex bead assay (MBA) panel and used it to determine Toxoplasma infection rates in two studies in Haiti. In a longitudinal cohort study of children aged 0-11 years, the infection rate varied with age reaching a maximum of 0·131 infections/year in children aged 3 years [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·065-0·204]. The median time to seroconversion was estimated to be 9·7 years (95% CI 7·6-∞). In a cross-sectional, community-wide survey of residents of all ages, we determined an overall seroprevalence of 28·2%. The seroprevalence age curve from the cross-sectional study also suggested that the force of infection varied with age and peaked at 0·057 infections/year (95% CI 0·033-0·080) at age 2·6 years. Integration of the Toxoplasma MBA into NTD surveys may allow for better estimates of the potential burden of congenital toxoplasmosis in underserved regions.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Antigens, Protozoan , Protozoan Proteins , Toxoplasma/immunology , Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology , Age Factors , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Haiti/epidemiology , Humans , Immunoassay/methods , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Microspheres , Seroepidemiologic StudiesABSTRACT
A previously healthy 70-year-old woman developed fever, cough, and exertional dyspnea. Her symptoms progressed over a 2-month period despite treatment by her primary care physician with 2 courses of oral antibiotics and the addition of prednisone. Hypoxemia and the finding of hyperglycemia with mild ketoacidosis led to hospital admission. Serial chest radiographs demonstrated diffuse heterogeneous pulmonary opacities and progressive air trapping in the right lower lobe. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed a deep penetrating ulcer with exposed bronchial cartilage of the bronchus intermedius and dynamic airway obstruction with complete closure during expiration. Biopsy of the ulcer revealed Rhizopus arrhizus. Respiratory failure stabilized with the patient on conventional mechanical ventilation and receiving amphotericin B. Before surgery could be performed, Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia and septic shock developed, and the patient died.
