Procedural pain in routine dental care for children: a part of the Swedish BITA study.

AIM: To investigate the frequency and reported intensity levels of dental treatment pain and discomfort in children, in conjunction with regular dental visits. METHODS: The study included 2363 children in four different age cohorts. Data was collected from structured interviews by dental personnel regarding pain experiences or discomfort after treatments, including analgesia, extractions, operative treatments and radiographic examinations. RESULTS: One-third of all treatment occasions were experienced as painful and/or causing discomfort. Treatment sessions including analgesia were assessed as painful in 49.7% of occasions, with injection being the most common given reason for pain. Extraction was painful in 62.4% of occasions, with injection as the main reason for pain. Operative treatments were assessed as painful in 38.8% of occasions, with drilling as the most common reason for pain and discomfort. Pain was reported in approximately 19% of all radiographic examinations. CONCLUSIONS: Injection was the major reason for pain during treatment, including injection and extraction, while drilling was the most common cause of pain during restorative treatment. Dentists should try to minimise the experience of pain and discomfort by using all available measures to perform pain-free and effective dental injections.

Knowledge, experiences and attitudes of dental and health care personnel in Sweden towards infant dental enucleation.

PURPOSE: To examine self-rated knowledge of clinical experiences and attitudes towards the practice of infant dental enucleation among dental and health care personnel in Sweden. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was performed among 776 licensed dental and health care personnel working in emergency departments, midwifery, child health centres, school health services and public dental health services in 10 Swedish cities. The response rate was 56.2% (n = 436). RESULTS: Fewer than a fifth of the respondents reported self-rated knowledge of the practice. Approximately 13% of personnel encountering children professionally believed they had seen subjected patients in their clinical practice. Personnel with self-rated knowledge and clinical experience worked mostly in dental care. Additionally, the personnel had diverging attitudes regarding agreement and disagreement concerning professional responsibility for patients subjected to or at risk of infant dental enucleation. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicated there is need for increased knowledge about the practice and for clarification of obligatory responsibilities among dental and health care personnel regarding management and prevention of cases of infant dental enucleation.

Understanding avoidance and non-attendance among adolescents in dental care - an integrative review.

OBJECTIVE: To review articles exploring manifestations of avoidance of or non-attendance to dental care, to identify background and concomitant factors specifically associated with dental avoidance among adolescents. METHODS: PubMed, CINAHL and PsychINFO were searched using MeSH terms and keywords covering dental avoidance, non-attendance and non-utilization. Searches were limited to peer-reviewed studies in English, published in 1994-2014. Twenty-one research articles were included. Data were extracted, ordered, coded, categorized, and summarized according to the integrative review method. RESULTS: The identified factors formed three common major themes: Environmental, Individual and Situational factors. Only seven studies, all from Sweden or Norway, investigated factors associated with dental avoidance. The remaining 14 studies were geographically widespread. Regarding avoidance, the main focus was found to be on individual and situational factors, while environmental factors were more often investigated for the outcome non-attendance. CONCLUSIONS: Although a wide variety of environmental, individual and situational factors could be summarized in this review, factors specifically associated with dental avoidance in a context of free dental care still need to be investigated. The possible impacts of cultural background, of tobacco, alcohol or drug use and of psycho-social circumstances deserve further research. Clinical implications of today's knowledge may be to pay attention to the adolescents' individual background and everyday life situation, to offer agreed and individualized treatment, taking fears and attitudes into consideration, to avoid painful treatments, and to be alert for early signs of avoidance.

Child dental fear as measured with the Dental Subscale of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule: the impact of referral status and type of informant (child versus parent).

OBJECTIVES: The first aim of this methodological study was to investigate the agreement between self-ratings of Children's Fear Survey Schedule (CFSS-DS). The second aim was to explore using differentiated cut-off scores, and to compare these cut-off scores with those commonly used. METHODS: Three different data collections included study groups (n = 497) of children and adolescents who had been referred to specialized pediatric dentistry clinics, and reference groups (n = 499) of dental patients and children rating the analyses were limited to the Östergötland sample (n = 210 + 228). Patients and their accompanying parents (mainly mothers) were asked to fill in the CFSS-DS independently. Cut-off scores on the CFSS-DS scale were determined using receiver-operating characteristic analysis; patient-parent agreement was illustrated with Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: The patient-parent agreement was modest, particularly among those who were referred because of dental behaviour management problems (DBMP). Cut-off scores differentiated by age and gender, suggested by exploration according to two different methods, were with few exceptions clearly below the standard cut-off score. CONCLUSION: [corrected] The validity of parental ratings of their children dental fear should be questioned, particularly in high-fear populations. Self-ratings should, as far as possible, be used to complement parental ratings. One consequence of using the standard cut-off score is the risk of overlooking some patients needs for special attention. Further research is needed to establish and validate age-and gender-differentiated cut-off scores on the CFSS-DS.

A short-term follow-up of treatment outcome in groups of uncooperative child dental patients.

AIM: To evaluate the short-term follow-up outcome in four subgroups of uncooperative child dental patients referred to a specialist paediatric dental clinic in Sweden. METHODS: Seventy children, classified into four groups (based on fear, temperament, behaviour and verbal intelligence), were followed-up at their public dental clinics after termination of specialist dental treatment. Questionnaire assessments of children's dental and general fear, parental dental fear, emotional stress, locus of control and parenting efficacy were made by parents pre and post treatment and at follow-up and were analysed within and between groups. At follow-up, parents rated their children's coping and procedure stress, while treatment acceptance was rated by the dentists. RESULTS: Decreases in child dental fear were maintained at follow-up, although a third of children still had moderate or high dental fear. For those children who had been classified into the externalising, impulsive group, an increased risk of non-acceptance (RR=3.7) was indicated. The risk of dental fear at follow-up was increased for the group of fearful, inhibited children (RR=3.8). For the study group as a whole a poorer follow-up outcome could be predicted by avoidance behaviour (OR 12.9-16.6) and moderate or high post treatment dental fear (OR 6.5- 21.3). CONCLUSIONS: Fearful, inhibited child dental patients may need, due to dental fear, extra attention even after successful dental treatment at a specialist clinic. Externalising, impulsive children constitute a special challenge for dentistry. The continued need for adjusted management after termination of specialist treatment can be predicted from avoidance behaviour and post treatment dental fear scores.

Treatment outcome in subgroups of uncooperative child dental patients: an exploratory study.

OBJECTIVES: The principal aims of this study were to evaluate the treatment outcome in subgroups of uncooperative child dental patients and to test the validity of these subgroups, which were based on fear and personality characteristics. DESIGN: An exploratory, intervention study using quantified questionnaire, interview and observation data. SAMPLE AND METHODS: Eighty-six 4 to 12-year-old uncooperative child dental patients (of whom 81 were divided retrospectively into four subgroups) and their accompanying parents were followed up during treatment at a specialist paediatric dental clinic in Sweden. Treatment was based on behaviour management techniques, supported by nitrous oxide/oxygen sedation if necessary. At baseline, parents answered a questionnaire including questions on child dental and general fear, temperament and behaviour, and parental dental fear, emotional stress, locus of control, parenting efficacy and attitudes to dental care, some of which were repeated post-treatment. The treating dentist rated child behaviour according to the acceptance of a maximum of 14 treatment steps at each visit. RESULTS: Approximately 90% of all children managed to undergo the dental treatment. Child dental fear and parental emotional stress decreased during treatment. Externalizing, impulsive children showed lower acceptance. In fearful, inhibited children, integrated use of sedation appeared to facilitate acceptance. Validity of the subgroups characterized as 'fearful, extrovert, outgoing', 'fearful, inhibited' and 'externalizing, impulsive' was supported, while heterogeneity within the group of 'non-fearful, extrovert, outgoing' children made validation difficult. CONCLUSION: Fear and personality characteristics may serve as diagnostic aids when planning treatment of uncooperative child dental patients. Controlled outcome studies using differentiated treatment methods for children with different fear and personality profiles are needed.

Usefulness of a psychometric questionnaire in exploring parental attitudes in children's dental care.

In this methodological study we investigated the usefulness and reliability of a questionnaire designed to capture 4 aspects of parental dental attitudes: dental knowledge, child oral health behavior, perceived importance of dental related aims, and parental responsibility. The study was undertaken in a group of 140 parents of schoolchildren aged 8-12 years from four comprehensive schools in Sweden. Test-retest reliability, quantified by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) or by Cohen's kappa, varied from acceptable to excellent for different aspects of the questionnaire. The knowledge and responsibility-taking sections were also answered by a group of dental experts who showed a high level of internal agreement. Expert profiles, to which the parental assessments could be compared, were created. Exploration of the 4 aspects showed that this group of parents commonly had a multifocal view on the etiology and prevention of caries. Correlations between their knowledge assessments and the assessments made by the expert group varied from moderately negative to strongly positive. The parents revealed a high degree of dental-related motivation and responsibility, particularly according to oral health behaviors. In conclusion, the results indicate that this 4-part psychometric questionnaire might be a suitable instrument in investigations of priority and responsibility-taking as new aspects of parental dental attitudes, along with dental knowledge and child oral health behaviors.

Periodontal and systemic findings in children with marginal bone loss in the primary dentition.

In a previous population-based study of 3896 7-9-year-old children living in Sweden, it was found that 32 children (0.8%) exhibited radiographic, periodontal bone loss at > or = 2 proximal surfaces of their deciduous teeth. In the present study, 26 of the 32 children were subjected to additional oral and systemic health examination. 20 other children without any radiographic evidence of bone loss in their primary dentition served as referents. None of the cases or the referents were detected to have any systemic disease. The frequency of bleeding and suppuration on probing, radiographic proximal calculus and probing attachment loss was higher among the cases than the referents. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitants was found subgingivally in 14 of the cases but in none of the referents. 11 of 22 cases analysed for presence of serum antibodies against A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin were sero-positive compared to none of 7 referents available for analysis. Evaluation of the data from each child revealed wide variations in clinical parameters among the children in the case group. In this group, there were children with deep probing depths, probing attachment loss, suppuration on probing, proximal calculus and presence of subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans, indicating current periodontitis. However, in the case group there were also children without positive signs of inflammatory disease, similar to the children in the reference group. In fact, the findings suggest that less than half of the number of individuals with > or = 2 proximal sites with bone loss had current periodontitis.

Analysis of paediatric dental services provided at a regional hospital in Sweden. Dental treatment need in medically compromised children referred for dental consultation.

All inpatients at a regional hospital in Sweden referred for a paediatric dental consultation (n = 269) were studied retrospectively during a two-year period. The children were studied concerning their medical and oral condition and subsequent dental treatment. The most frequent medical condition among the referred children was insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (20%), asthma (9%) and epilepsy (7%). Children with asthma exhibited a significantly increased caries prevalence (p < 0.01) compared to other chronically sick children. Of the children examined 53% were diagnosed with diseases or abnormalities in the oral cavity requiring treatment. Gingivitis, disturbances in occlusal development and dental caries were the most commonly found diagnoses Acute dental or oral problems were diagnosed in 9% of the children. The mean time allocated for each patient was 60 minutes. Thirty percent of the children were subsequently treated at the paediatric dentistry specialist clinic. In conclusion the study emphasises the need of paediatric dental consultation services at regional hospitals.

Caries prevalence after submandibular duct retroposition in drooling children with neurological disorders.

This study is a long-term follow up of 17 patients surgically treated for uncontrolled drooling, by retroposition of the ducts from the submandibular glands. Mean age was 16.8 years (range 7-31), with an average postoperation time of 9.2 years (range 1-18). Clinically, no subject revealed an impression of an extremely dry mouth, but most patients showed obvious permanent decrease in drooling after the surgical treatment. They had a highly significant increase in caries prevalence of the mandibular incisal and canine area, and this caries prevalence was related to the severity of cerebral palsy.