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1.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res ; 28(9): 1308-16, 2004 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15365300

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Recent findings suggest that adenosine is involved in the neural and behavioral effects of ethanol (EtOH). Studies in neural cell culture show that EtOH, via activation of adenosine A2 receptors, triggers cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) signaling and CRE (cAMP regulatory element)-mediated gene expression and that this effect is blocked by inhibiting G-protein betagamma subunits. Recently, we reported that expression of a betagamma inhibitor in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) reduces EtOH drinking in rats. The NAc expresses high levels of the adenosine A2A receptor in GABAergic medium spiny neurons. If the reinforcing effects of EtOH are mediated through an A2 activation of cAMP/PKA signaling via betagamma, then A2 receptor blockade should attenuate EtOH consumption. Here we tested this hypothesis. Because adenosine A2 and dopamine D2 receptors are coexpressed in neurons of the NAc, we compared the effects of A2 blockade with those of D2 receptor blockade. METHODS: Male Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer 10% EtOH in daily 30-min sessions with an active and an inactive lever. Separate groups of rats were given the D2 antagonist eticlopride (0.005, 0.007, and 0.01 mg/kg), the A2 antagonist 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX; 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 20 mg/kg), and the A1 antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX; 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg) by systemic injection. RESULTS: Eticlopride dose-dependently reduced EtOH drinking. DMPX showed a bimodal effect: 10 and 20 mg/kg decreased, but 1 mg/kg increased, EtOH consumption. DPCPX was without effect. CONCLUSIONS: In support of our hypothesis, the A2 antagonist DMPX attenuated EtOH self-administration. Low doses of the A2 antagonist enhanced EtOH drinking, consistent with the possibility that rats increase EtOH self-administration to overcome partial A2 blockade. The D2 antagonist eticlopride also decreased EtOH self-administration. These data provide the first evidence that pharmacological modulation of adenosine A2 receptors can regulate EtOH consumption in rats.


Subject(s)
Conditioning, Operant/drug effects , Ethanol/administration & dosage , Receptors, Adenosine A2/physiology , Theobromine/analogs & derivatives , Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists , Animals , Conditioning, Operant/physiology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Male , Rats , Rats, Long-Evans , Self Administration , Theobromine/pharmacology
2.
Cell ; 109(6): 733-43, 2002 Jun 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12086672

ABSTRACT

Dopamine release is activated by ethanol and addicting drugs, but molecular mechanisms linking dopaminergic signaling to neuronal responses and drinking behavior are poorly understood. We report that dopamine-D2 receptors induce PKA Calpha translocation and increase CRE-regulated gene expression. Ethanol also activates PKA signaling. Subthreshold concentrations of the D2 agonist NPA and ethanol, without effect alone, together cause synergistic PKA translocation and CRE-mediated gene transcription. D2 or adenosine A2 receptor blockade, pertussis toxin, Rp-cAMPS, or overexpression of dominant-negative peptides that sequester betagamma dimers prevent synergy. Importantly, overexpression of a betagamma inhibitor peptide in the nucleus accumbens strikingly reduces sustained alcohol consumption. We propose that synergy of D2 and A2 confers ethanol hypersensitivity and that betagamma dimers are required for voluntary drinking.


Subject(s)
Apomorphine/analogs & derivatives , Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism , Ethanol/pharmacology , Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism , Receptors, Purinergic P1/metabolism , Adenoviridae/genetics , Alcohol Drinking , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Apomorphine/pharmacology , Blotting, Western , Cyclic AMP/metabolism , Dimerization , Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , G1 Phase , Gene Expression Regulation , Genes, Reporter , Hippocampus/cytology , Immunohistochemistry , Integrases/metabolism , Isoenzymes/metabolism , Luciferases/metabolism , Microscopy, Confocal , Models, Biological , Peptides/chemistry , Pertussis Toxin , Protein Binding , Protein Kinase C/metabolism , Protein Kinase C-alpha , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Protein Transport , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Dopamine D2/chemistry , Receptors, Purinergic P1/chemistry , Signal Transduction , Subcellular Fractions , Time Factors , Transcription, Genetic , Transfection , Viral Proteins/metabolism , Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology
3.
Acta physiol. pharmacol. ther. latinoam ; 44(3): 70-6, 1994. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-152651

ABSTRACT

Se estudió la capacidad de aprendizaje de ratas deprivadas de proteínas durante la etapa perinatal (ratas D) comparándolas con ratas controles (ratas-C) en el test de navegación espacial de Morris. Las ratas-D mostraron mayores latencias de escape para localizar una plataforma sumergida en ausencia de pistas proximales durante el período de adquisición de la prueba. Una experiencia de pre-entrenamiento a las condiciones de nado no mejoró este déficit. Al evaluar la retención de la información espacial a 1, 3, 10 y 30 días posteriores al entrenamiento, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. Tampoco se encontró diferencia en el aprendizaje con plataforma visible, resultado que nos permite descartar alteraciones en la capacidad motora del animal deprivado. En conclusión, los resultados sugieren que la hiponutrición perinatal induce un déficit en la capacidad del animal adulto recuperado para resolver eficientemente el test de navegación espacial, aún después de un prolongado período de recuperación nutricional


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Pregnancy , Protein Deficiency/diet therapy , Maze Learning , Analysis of Variance , Memory , Rats, Wistar , Reaction Time , Spatial Behavior , Swimming
4.
Acta physiol. pharmacol. ther. latinoam ; 44(3): 70-6, 1994. tab, graf
Article in English | BINACIS | ID: bin-23592

ABSTRACT

Se estudió la capacidad de aprendizaje de ratas deprivadas de proteínas durante la etapa perinatal (ratas D) comparándolas con ratas controles (ratas-C) en el test de navegación espacial de Morris. Las ratas-D mostraron mayores latencias de escape para localizar una plataforma sumergida en ausencia de pistas proximales durante el período de adquisición de la prueba. Una experiencia de pre-entrenamiento a las condiciones de nado no mejoró este déficit. Al evaluar la retención de la información espacial a 1, 3, 10 y 30 días posteriores al entrenamiento, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. Tampoco se encontró diferencia en el aprendizaje con plataforma visible, resultado que nos permite descartar alteraciones en la capacidad motora del animal deprivado. En conclusión, los resultados sugieren que la hiponutrición perinatal induce un déficit en la capacidad del animal adulto recuperado para resolver eficientemente el test de navegación espacial, aún después de un prolongado período de recuperación nutricional (AU)


Subject(s)
Comparative Study , Animals , Female , Rats , Pregnancy , Protein Deficiency/diet therapy , Maze Learning , Spatial Behavior , Memory , Swimming , Reaction Time , Analysis of Variance , Rats, Wistar
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