Evaluation of VEGF-A and CCL2 in dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome or canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and in normocephalic dogs.

Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) and canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF) of West Highland White Terriers (WHWTs) often cause intermittent or chronic hypoxemia. Our objective was to evaluate serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) concentrations of hypoxemia-related proinflammatory mediators vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and chemokine (CC motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in brachycephalic dogs (BDs) and WHWTs with and without CIPF. Additionally, effects of BOAS severity and ageing on these mediators were assessed. 114 BDs (28 English Bulldogs (EBs), 37 French Bulldogs, 49 Pugs), 16 WHWTs with CIPF, 26 healthy WHWTs, and 39 normocephalic control dogs were included. Fifty-four BDs were re-examined after two to three years. Bead-based immunoassay was used for proinflammatory mediator measurements. Compared with controls, significantly higher serum concentrations of VEGF-A were seen in EBs (P = 0.009) and of CCL2 in CIPF and healthy WHWTs (P < 0.001; P = 0.002). BALF samples were available from controls, EBs, and WHWTs. VEGF-A was significantly lower in EBs (P < 0.001) and in CIPF and healthy WHWTs (P = 0.006; P = 0.007) and CCL2 was higher in CIPF WHWTs (P = 0.01) compared with controls. Between visits, only serum VEGF-A significantly decreased in BDs (P < 0.001), but breed, BOAS severity, or its change had no significant effect. In conclusion, in EBs with BOAS proinflammatory changes in VEGF-A were detected in both serum and BALF. Ageing reduced serum VEGF-A in BDs. In WHWTs, our results confirmed earlier findings of CCL2 as an important biomarker for CIPF.

Effect of Distance on Light Transmission Through Polymerized Resin Composite.

OBJECTIVE: Light transmittance of dental composites varies between products and shades, but also light curing units differ to each other in their irradiance and fiber optic structure of curing tip. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is linear relationship between the distance of the curing tip to the resin composite and irradiance at lower surface of the resin composite. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Disks of 1 mm thickness (6mm diameter) were fabricated. Light transmittance (intensity) through the disk was measured at distance of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mm from the light tip with two light curing units Elipar S10 (3M-ESPE) and Silverlight (GC). Irradiance ratio (irradiance on the sensor surface without the composite disk / with the composite disk) was calculated and plotted against the distance of the light curing tip. Statistical analysis was carried out using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA, Tukey's, α =0.05). RESULTS: Irradiance ratio varied between 18% to 24% with Silverlight and 21% to 26% with Elipar S10 light curing units. There were statistically significant differences between the ratios with different distances of the light curing tip (p⟨0.05). Interestingly, the highest irradiance ratio for Elipar S10 unit was found with 4 mm distance of the tip, whereas Silverlight unit had the highest ratio with 6 mm distance. Out of two tested resin composites, the flowable composite showed higher irradiance ratio than regular packable resin composite. CONCLUSIONS: Increase of distance of the light curing tip from the composite surface decreased the absolute irradiance underneath of composite, as expected. However, there seemed to be device dependent optimal distance of 4-6 mm to reach the most efficient irradiance ratio through the composite resin keeping in mind that most efficient transmission of light through the material is reached by having light curing tip in contact to the material.

Sense of coherence and health behaviour in adolescence.

AIM: To explore associations of Sense of coherence (SOC) with health behaviour and social competence among 15-year-old adolescents. METHODS: Study population is a prospective cohort of a randomized cluster sample of families and their first-born children from south-western Finland in 1986-1987. In this study, cross-sectional data of the 15-year-olds were used. The present data were based on mailed, pretested questionnaires. The outcome variable, SOC, was based on the 13-item scale of Antonovsky's Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ). The principal explanatory variables were health behaviour, including experienced oral health, and social competence. The statistical analysis was performed using linear regression modelling. RESULTS: Strong SOC of adolescents associated significantly with lighter use of alcohol, being a non-smoker, better care of oral health and better social competence compared with the others. CONCLUSION: Sense of coherence is a useful tool for identifying adolescents in need of extra support and motivation for their health behaviour.

Parental and childhood overweight in sedentary and active adolescents.

We studied whether the prevalence of overweight since age 2 years differed in sedentary and active adolescents (N=346). Further, we analyzed the energy intake of sedentary and active adolescents across 12 years. BMI was assessed annually since birth, energy intake since age 13 months and parents' BMI from the time their child was 7 months old in a longitudinal atherosclerosis prevention study. Data on physical activity were collected at age 13 years (N=560). Sedentary and Active groups were formed by upper and lower physical activity tertile cut-points. Girls Sedentary at 13 years were more often overweight than Active peers already since age 2 years (P=0.048). Activity habits were not associated with energy intake. Conversely, among boys, activity habits in adolescence were not associated with childhood overweight, while the energy intake of Active boys was higher than that of Sedentary boys (P=0.008). Parental overweight was not associated with the physical activity of children; however, Sedentary girls more often had an overweight mother than Active girls (P=0.021). In conclusion, overweight during early years of life is more common among girls who are Sedentary as adolescents than in Active peers. Overweight mothers more often have Sedentary daughters than normal-weight mothers. A healthy lifestyle right from early childhood requires active support.

Liquid flame spray for generating metal and metal oxide nanoparticle test aerosol.

A flame-based method for generating nanoparticles with production rate in the order of g/min is presented to be used in a variety of applied studies concerning nanoparticle measurements and toxicological tests. In this study, ferric oxide, titanium dioxide, and silver nanoparticles were produced by this technique, as an example of the variety of producible compounds, and number and surface area were measured by state-of-art aerosol instruments. In the primary experiments of this study, the generator was used in a conventional way, in a fume cupboard, and the aerosol was measured from the exhaust duct of the cupboard. It has been shown that this steady, turbulent flame generator is also suitable for producing high-concentration aerosols in a wider concept. The generated aerosol was measured by variety of aerosol instrumentation to show the applicability of the generator. When using the generator intentionally as a source of aerosol in the flame processing room, mean nanoparticle sizes of 5-60 nm and active surface area concentration ranges of 1-10,000 microm(2)/cm(3) were covered for the room aerosol.

Dental fear: one single clinical question for measurement.

A new dental fear measurement instrument, the Short Dental Fear Question (SDFQ), was developed and tested for clinical practice purposes. The correlations of the SDFQ with the Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) and the Dental Fear Survey (DFS) were tested in 15-16-year-old adolescents. The Spearman correlations (rs) between the dental fear measurement instruments were: SDFQ - DFS: r(s) = 0.79, n = 26; DFS - DAS: r(s) = 0.72, n = 26; SDFQ- DAS: r(s) = 0.69, n = 27. DAS and DFS mean scores were clearly higher in the SDFQ fear group than SDFQ in the relaxed group. The SDFQ is a short and compact instrument which might be convenient for the measurement of dental fear in clinical practice.

Are signs of temporomandibular disorders stable and predictable in adolescents with headache?

The aim of the present study was to study changes in signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and factors predicting TMD signs in adolescents with and without headache. A population-based sample (n = 212) of 13-year-olds with and without headache was re-examined at the age of 16. The study included a questionnaire, face-to-face interview and somatic examination. In addition, a neurological examination, a muscle evaluation and a stomatognathic examination were performed. Significant changes were seen in TMD signs during the follow-up, but TMD signs at the end of the follow-up could not be predicted by baseline headache, sleeping difficulties, depression or muscle pain. TMD signs at the age of 16 were associated with female gender and muscle pain. We conclude that considerable changes in TMD signs occur in the follow-up of adolescents with and without headache. Headache-related TMD are not predictable in adolescents with and without headache.

Inconsistency between prospectively and retrospectively reported febrile seizures.

This study compared the incidence of febrile seizures (FS) reported prospectively up to 5 years of age, with the prevalence of FS by parental recall in the same cohort using the same questionnaire at 12 years of age. Both prospective and retrospective data were available for 807 children (389 males, 418 females). The number of children reported to have experienced FS in the prospective study was 57, and in the retrospective study was 45, yielding a cumulative incidence of 7.1 and 5.6% respectively. In the retrospective study there was an under-reporting of 19 children, over-reporting of eight children, and one child misreported by age at onset. Overall sensitivity of the retrospective approach was 65% and specificity was 99%. Positive predictive value was 82% and negative predictive value was 97%. Retrospective data underestimate the frequency of FS with high specificity but low sensitivity. Recall data suggest that some children with FS were not reported in the prospective data. These biases should be considered when evaluating the value of FS as a predictor of future health effects.

Characteristics of neck pain associated with adolescent headache.

The objective of the study was to find out what kind of neck pain (NP) is associated with headache (HA) and with various headache variables: frequency, type, intensity, disturbance, and relief with analgesics. A population-based sample of 12-year-olds with and without HA (n = 304) was followed for 4 years. At the age of 16 years, NP was evaluated on the basis of self-reported symptoms and a thorough physical examination of the neck region. Both self-reported and measured NP were associated with HA variables. Co-occurrent NP was found in adolescents with migraine as often as in those with tension-type HA. Especially, muscle pain and intensive, frequent NP were associated with disturbing HA unresponsive to analgesics. The study indicates that concomitant NP should be considered in adolescent HA sufferers, and a thorough cervical and muscle evaluation is recommended when planning the treatment of HA.

Does neck pain determine the outcome of adolescent headache?

The aim of the study was to examine the influence of concomitant neck pain (NP) on the outcome of headache (HA) frequency and HA type in adolescence. A population-based sample of 13-year-olds with or without HA (n = 228) was followed for 3 years. NP was evaluated at the beginning of the follow-up on the basis of recorded muscle tenderness and self-reported symptoms. During the 3 years of follow-up, changes in both HA type and frequency were common. NP interfering with daily activities at the age of 13 years predicted change from non-frequent (0-1/month) to monthly HA (>1/month), especially in boys (P = 0.03 boys, P = 0.06 girls). The use of physiotherapy predicted persistence of monthly HA in boys (P = 0.004). The changes in HA type were not predictable by NP. In conclusion, the risk of worsening HA in adolescence is more probable if the HA is associated with NP interfering with daily activities.

Changing headache from preschool age to puberty. A controlled study.

The characteristics of disturbing primary headache and the occurrence of headache types were studied by sending a questionnaire to 1132 Finnish families of 6-year-old children. Children with headache in the preceding 6 months and their controls were clinically examined at the ages of 6 and 13. During the follow-up, half of the headaches, classified as migraine at age 6 years, were unchanged and 32% turned into tension-type headache. In children with tension-type headache, the situation was unchanged in 35%, and in 38% of children the headache type had changed to migraine. At preschool age the most common location of headache was bilateral and supraorbital, and at puberty bilateral and temporal. During the follow-up, symptoms concurrent with headache, such as odour phobia, dizziness and balance disturbances became more typical, whereas restlessness, flushing and abdominal symptoms became less marked. The early manifestation of both migraine and tension-type headache predict equally often migraine in puberty with marked changes in concurrent symptoms and pain localization.

Adolescent disc degeneration--no headache association.

The objective of the study was to determine whether adolescents with headache have more disc degeneration in the cervical spine than headache-free controls. This study is part of a population-based follow-up study of adolescents with and without headache. At the age of 17 years, adolescents with headache at least three times a month (N = 47) and adolescents with no headache (N = 22) participated in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the cervical spine. Of the 47 headache sufferers, 17 also had weekly neck pain and 30 had neck pain less than once a month. MRI scans were interpreted independently by three neuroradiologists. Disc degeneration was found in 67% of participants, with no difference between adolescents with and without headache. Most of the degenerative changes were located in the lower cervical spine. In adolescence, mild degenerative changes of the cervical spine are surprisingly common but do not contribute to headache.

Outcome of headache frequency in adolescence.

Only a few studies have been published of the outcome of adolescent headache (HA). The aim of this study was to examine the predictors of the outcome of headache frequency. A population-based sample of 13-year-olds with or without HA (N=228) was followed to the age of 16 years. HA was classified on the basis of a face-to-face interview and clinical examination. The outcomes of monthly HA (>1/month) and non-frequent HA (0-1/month) were studied. Frequent use of analgesics, female gender and multiple non-headache pain predicted the persistence of monthly HA (>1/month). Significant predictors for worsening non-frequent HA (from 0 to 1/month to >1/month) were female gender, consistent migraine and high basic educational level of one parent. Adolescents frequently using analgesics constitute a risk group for a poor outcome of HA. Especially girls meeting this criterion should be considered a target group in the planning and implementing of preventive measures.

Headache children with temporomandibular disorders have several types of pain and other symptoms.

The aim was to investigate the association between temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and overall muscle tenderness, depressive symptoms, sleep difficulties, headache frequency and related symptoms in children with primary headache in comparison with controls. Based on an unselected population sample of 1135 Finnish schoolchildren classified according to the type of headache at age 12, altogether 297 children aged 13-14 from different headache groups and healthy controls were randomly selected for an interview and clinical examinations. Children with migraine had more TMD signs than children with nonmigrainous headaches or healthy controls. High TMD total scores were associated with palpation tenderness in other parts of the body and with frequent headache attacks. We conclude that children with overall headache, migraine in particular, and high total TMD scores showed an increased overall tenderness to muscle palpation and multiply manifested hypersensitivity pain.

Leisure activities in adolescents with headache.

AIM: To investigate the association between different types of headache and leisure activities in 13-y-old schoolchildren. METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional study was performed through face-to-face interviews with age-matched cohorts with headache and asymptomatic controls. The present study comprised 59 children with migraine, 65 with episodic tension-type headache (TTHA) and 59 headache-free controls. In the interview, besides questions concerning headache, the children were asked open and structured questions about the type and amount of their leisure activities. RESULTS: Children with migraine spent more time in sports activities than children with episodic tension-type headache or children without headache (test for trend, p<0.01; migraine: OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.9; tension-type headache: OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.7-1.1). The type of leisure activity was not significantly associated with headache type (p>0.05). Children with both migraine and episodic tension-type headache used computers more often than children without headache (test for trend, p<0.05; migraine: OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.5; tension-type headache: OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.5). CONCLUSION: This study provides additional data on the activity status and headache complaints in adolescents. The results indicate that frequent computer use is associated with both tension-type headache and migraine, and intensive overall sports activities are characteristic of adolescents with migraine.

Behavioural and demographic factors during early childhood and poor dental health at 10 years of age.

The aim was to elucidate whether variables recorded in early childhood would have a long-lasting predictive value of poor dental health at the age of 10 years in a prospectively followed Finnish population-based cohort setting. The second aim was to find new tools for preventive work in order to improve dental health among children. Poor dental health (dmft + DMFT >or= 5) at 10 years of age was associated with child's nocturnal juice drinking at 18 months. It was associated with the following factors at age 3 years: frequent consumption of sweets; infrequent tooth brushing; plaque and caries on teeth. Of family factors, the following were significant: father's young age at birth of the child; mother's basic 9-year education; mother's caries (i.e. several carious teeth per year), and father's infrequent tooth brushing. Early childhood risk factors of poor dental health seem to be stable even after 10 years of life and the changing of teeth from primary to permanent ones. In preventive work, dental health care staff could offer support to those parents with risk factors in their child rearing tasks.

Factors of early infancy and recurrent use of antibiotic therapy.

AIM: To analyse the role of early infant-related, parent-related, family functioning and social relation factors during the infant's first 3 mo of life and their associations with later recurrent treatments with antibiotics. METHODS: In an unselected population-based study, parents expecting their first child were followed from pregnancy until the infant was 18 mo of age. Informed consent to participate was obtained from 1443 women expecting their first child and their spouses. The parents of 817 children reported the number of preceding antibiotic treatments at two times (when the child was 9 and 18 mo old). The outcome measure was the number of antibiotic treatments (options: none, 1-5, > or = 6). The factors associated with later use of antibiotics were collected during the first 3 mo of the infant's life. The variable factors included infant-related, parent-related, family functioning and social relation factors. RESULTS: The final regression analysis showed the potent factors associated with recurrent use of antibiotics: male gender (OR 2.8, 95% CI: 1.6-4.8), frequent physician consultations in early infancy (OR 3.1, 95% CI: 1.8-5.3) and the father's need for outside support (OR 2.2, 95% CI: 1.3-3.8). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to early infant-related medical factors, family factors may be associated with frequent medical consultations and the decision to administer antibiotics to the infant. In the prevention of antibiotic overuse, social and psychological factors should be considered.

Pregnancy and childbirth-related factors associated with recurrent antibiotic use in infants.

AIM: To determine the reasons for the possible overuse of antibiotics by investigating whether family-related medical, behavioural, emotional, and social risk factors during the mother's pregnancy and childbirth are associated with subsequent recurrent antibiotic therapy of infants. METHODS: Subject selection was based on stratified randomized cluster sampling. A total of 1443 women (91%) and their spouses expecting their first child gave informed consent to participate and 1287 infants were born. The parents of 817/1025 infants (80%) reported the number of courses of antibiotic therapy the child had received at the ages of 9 and 18 mo. The outcome measure was the number of courses of antibiotic therapy (none/1-5/=6) given during the first 18 mo of life. The explanatory variables included family-related factors during the pregnancy and immediately after childbirth. RESULTS: In the final multivariate stepwise analysis, parents' long-term illnesses were associated with recurrent antibiotic medication. CONCLUSIONS: Parents with long-term illnesses need special guidance and support from the beginning of the mother's pregnancy in order to minimize the subsequent risk for recurrent antibiotic therapy of their infants. Preventive healthcare workers should be aware of the effects of these factors on parental guidance.

Muscle tenderness in pericranial and neck-shoulder region in children with headache. A controlled study.

Increased pericranial muscle tenderness is connected with tension-type headache in adults. In children, the importance of muscle tenderness in the pericranial or neck-shoulder region in the pathogenesis of different types of headache is unknown. The present study evaluated muscle tenderness in the pericranial and neck-shoulder region in children with migraine, those with tension-type headache and those without headache. An unselected population-based questionnaire study concerning headache was carried out in 1135 Finnish schoolchildren aged 12 years. Of them, 183 children were randomly selected for a face-to-face interview and a clinical examination. Muscle tenderness was recorded by manual palpation and dolorimeter. Children with migraine had increased overall tenderness, recorded by manual palpation, compared with those without headache. They also self-reported tenderness in the neck-shoulder region during daily activities more often than the children of the other groups. Muscle tenderness was not associated with paediatric tension-type headache. The mean pressure pain thresholds did not differ among the three groups. However, a negative correlation between the total tenderness score and the dolorimeter score was found in each group. In conclusion, children with migraine had increased muscle tenderness at palpation of the pericranial and neck-shoulder muscles and they also reported pain symptoms in the neck-shoulder region most frequently. Instead, increased pericranial and neck-shoulder muscle tenderness was not associated with tension-type headache in children.

Determinants of tension-type headache in children.

The objective of this study was to study the prevalence, characteristics and predisposing factors of tension-type headache in children. An unselected population-based questionnaire study was carried out in 1409 Finnish schoolchildren aged 12 years. Of them, 1135 (81%) returned an acceptably completed questionnaire. The prevalence of episodic tension-type headache in children was 12% (138 of 1135). Children with episodic tension-type headache also often reported characteristics of pain typical for migraine. Children with frequent and persistent episodic tension-type headache reported stabbing and severe occipital pain, phonophobia and abdominal pain significantly more often than children with infrequent episodic tension-type headache. Neck-shoulder symptoms, symptoms of depression and oromandibular dysfunction were each independently associated with episodic tension-type headache. The father's occupation of a lower-level white-collar worker put the child at a four-fold risk for episodic tension-type headache. We conclude that episodic tension-type headache is as common as migraine in children. It can be associated with depression, oromandibular dysfunction and muscular stress. Especially children with frequent and persistent episodic tension-type headache report characteristics of pain typical for migraine.