Anesthetic considerations for pediatric abdominal solid organ transplantation.

While many pediatric patients undergo abdominal solid organ transplants every year worldwide, each is unique due to varying age, size, and comorbidities; thus, they require a careful anesthesia plan to undergo surgery safely. This article reviews the anesthetic considerations and management of patients undergoing liver and kidney transplantation. Preoperative, intraoperative, and post-operative management are discussed, including induction, access, monitoring, and maintenance. Blood transfusion is also addressed.

In-hospital and 90-day outcomes after total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation for pediatric chronic and acute recurrent pancreatitis.

Total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) is used to treat debilitating chronic pancreatitis (CP) and acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) that has failed medical and endoscopic therapy. We performed a retrospective review of TPIAT patients at a free-standing children's hospital to evaluate perioperative outcomes. Twenty patients (median age 13, 65% female) underwent TPIAT (2015 through 2017). Of the 20 patients, 95% had CP and 1 patient (5%) had ARP alone. Seventy-five percent of the patients had a pancreatitis-associated genetic mutation; 40% had pancreas divisum. The median surgical time was 757 (IQR 657 to 835) minutes. Median islet equivalents per kg of body weight (IEQ/kg) were 6404 (IQR 5018 to 7554). At 90 days postoperatively vs preoperatively, significantly fewer patients were receiving parenteral nutrition (0% vs 25%, P = .006) and opioids (45% vs 75%, P = .01). Short Form 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36) physical health module scores and total scores improved (34.0 preoperatively vs 54.6 at 90 days, P = .008, and 47.1 vs 65.3, P = .007, respectively); SF-10 physical health scores also improved (13.4 vs 33.1, P = .02). Insulin requirement decreased from 0.5 unit/kg/day to 0.4 unit/kg/day between discharge and 90 days (P = .02). TPIAT is an effective option when debilitating disease persists despite maximal medical and endoscopic therapy. Opioid, parenteral nutrition, and exogenous insulin use can successfully be weaned within 90 days after TPIAT, with gains in health-related quality of life.

Anesthesia and the pediatric cardiac catheterization suite: a review.

Advances in technology over the last couple of decades have caused a shift in pediatric cardiac catheterization from a primary focus on diagnostics to innovative therapeutic interventions. These improvements allow patients a wider range of nonsurgical options for treatment of congenital heart disease. However, these therapeutic modalities can entail higher risk in an already complex patient population, compounded by the added challenges inherent to the environment of the cardiac catheterization suite. Anesthesiologists caring for children with congenital heart disease must understand not only the pathophysiology of the disease but also the effects the anesthetics and interventions have on the patient in order to provide a safe perioperative course. It is the aim of this article to review the latest catheterization modalities offered to patients with congenital heart disease, describe the unique challenges presented in the cardiac catheterization suite, list the most common complications encountered during catheterization and finally, to review the literature regarding different anesthetic drugs used in the catheterization lab.

Anesthesia and bifid sternum repair in an infant.

The sternal cleft is a rare congenital abnormality that is a result of failure of sternal fusion, varying from complete to incomplete (bifid), and may be associated with ectopia cordis. The surgical correction of the bifid sternum and its respective anesthetic concerns are presented.

The effect of tranexamic acid in blood loss and transfusion volume in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a single-surgeon experience.

PURPOSE: Intraoperative blood loss in scoliosis surgery often requires transfusions. Autogenous blood decreases but does not eliminate risks typically associated with allogenic blood transfusion. Costs associated with transfusions are significant. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to decrease blood loss in cardiac and joint surgery. Few studies have examined its use in pediatric spine surgery, and the results are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to determine whether TXA decreases intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion by a single surgeon. METHODS: The medical records and operative reports of surgically treated patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis between 2000 and 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. The inclusion criteria were: (1) patients who underwent instrumented posterior spinal fusion, (2) had complete medical records, and (3) were treated by the same surgeon. Forty-nine patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups: Group A (25 patients) received TXA, while Group B (24 patients) did not receive TXA. RESULTS: After controlling for age at the time of surgery, gender, and number of vertebral levels fused, the mean intraoperative blood loss was significantly lower in Group A (537 ml) than in Group B (1,245 ml) (p = 0.027). The mean volume of blood transfused intraoperatively was 426 and 740 ml for Group A and Group B, respectively. The difference was not statistically significant after controlling for age, gender, and number of levels fused (p = 0.078). CONCLUSION: TXA significantly decreased intraoperative blood loss in posterior spinal fusions performed for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Can we improve the outcomes of pediatric congenital heart disease survivors?

Appreciating the complexity and evolving pathophysiology after palliation of CHD is critical to improving the outcome. Despite a growing patient population because of greater survival over the years, detailed data on the long-term outcomes of these patients is surprisingly sparse. The establishment in 2001 of the Pediatric Heart Network by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute has provided a collaborative multicenter platform to conduct large trials in CHD and to characterize outcomes. This chapter has emphasized how CHD care spans the continuum from fetal life to adulthood. Current research efforts aspire to better characterize short-term and long-term outcomes, continue advancement of technologies to better diagnose and treat CHD, and to elucidate the role of genetics and biomarkers in predicting outcome. Focused studies on variations in perioperative practice and quality will help us provide better clinical outcomes for CHD survivors.

Current issues in pediatric liver transplantation.

Pediatric patients with ESLD requiring liver transplantation often have a multitude of comorbidities ranging from pulmonary hypertension to renal and cardiovascular insufficiency that impairs our ability to safely care for these critically ill children. As organ allocation techniques advance, many of these patients may be healthier on arrival to the operating room. However, postoperative surgical complications and immunosuppressive regimens still daunt us. As we continue to care for these challenging patients, hopefully, advances in ESLD management and technology will dramatically improve outcomes in the future.

Successful resuscitation of bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity in a neonate.

We report a case of bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity in a neonate following caudal epidural block under general anesthesia for urologic surgery. Prompt recognition of the complication allowed early intervention with both standard resuscitative measures and administration of 20% Intralipid(®) , resulting in a good outcome.

Transnasal placement of biplane transesophageal echocardiography probe intraoperatively in an adolescent with congenital heart disease.

UNLABELLED: Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is frequently used in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Although transnasal TEE is being used in various settings in the adult population, there are no descriptions of its use intraoperatively in patients with CHD. This report describes the successful use of transnasal TEE after multiple unsuccessful transoral attempts in an adolescent male undergoing subaortic stenosis repair. IMPLICATIONS: Transnasal transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is being used in various settings in the adult population. The author describes its use intraoperatively in an adolescent undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease after unsuccessful transoral attempts.