ABSTRACT
Efforts towards developing orally bioavailable HIV-1 maturation inhibitors starting from betulinic acid 1 are described. SAR resulted in improved potency, physicochemical properties, and enhanced oral absorption in rats.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , HIV-1/metabolism , Terpenes/chemistry , Administration, Oral , Amides/chemistry , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Drug Design , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects , Models, Chemical , Pentacyclic Triterpenes , Rats , Triterpenes/chemistry , Betulinic AcidABSTRACT
The interaction of the lectin XL35 with the jelly coat protein (JCP) surrounding oocytes in Xenopus laevis is essential for the block to polyspermy. The molecular details of this event are poorly understood, and the present study has been undertaken with a view to delineating the mechanism of formation of the fertilization envelope. A range of JCP-derived oligosaccharides were synthesized, and all were installed with an artificial aminopropyl arm. This arm allowed the preparation of monovalent derivatives by acetylation of the amino group or the synthesis of polyvalent compounds by attachment to an activated polyacrylamide polymer. A number of analytical techniques, including enzyme-linked lectin assays and surface plasmon resonance, have been developed and utilized to study the interactions of the mono- and polyvalent compounds with XL35. The results reveal that the lectin XL35 has remarkably broad specificity for galactose-containing saccharides and the affinities are only slightly modulated by secondary features, such as anomeric configuration of the terminal sugar or the identity and linkage pattern of branching sugars. Broad specificity was also observed when the saccharides were presented in a polyvalent fashion. The glycopolymers displayed 10-20-fold increases in valency-corrected affinities compared to the corresponding monovalent counterparts. Although the synthetic polymers are not as potent as the JCP, the kinetics of their interactions mirror closely those of the native ligand, and in each case extremely long-lived interactions were observed. The results of this study indicate that, in X. laevis, the true biological function of multivalency is not to create an extremely tightly binding complex between XL35 and its natural ligand but, instead, to create a very stable protective layer that will not dissociate and is yet flexible enough to encapsulate the developing embryo. It is postulated that, even if these partners are unable to attain true equilibrium on the time scale of the biological event, their mode of interaction would, nevertheless, be expected to guarantee an insurmountable physical block to polyspermy. This study has also highlighted that multivalent interactions require a very long time to achieve equilibrium, and this feature may well be the origin of several of the ambiguities reported in the literature when multivalent ligands have been evaluated.
