Observaciones sobre la larva del cangrejo marino tropical (Decapoda: Porcellanidae) Petrolisthes armatus en el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica

Observations on the larvae of the tropical marine crab Petrolisthes armatus in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. During October and November 1998 (rainy season), and December, February and March 1999 (dry season), larvae distribution of Petrolisthes armatus and associated decapods were sampled in three different sites at the Punta Morales peninsula, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. A total of 6014 decapod larvae were collected, and 73 belonged to the genus Petrolisthes spp. No significant total larval density differences were found between seasons (p>0.05); but there was a greater density of P. armatus and other decapod larvae (p>0.05) during the dry season. In addition, no significant variations on temperature and oxygen concentration were observed. P. armatus larval abundance was higher during low tide, in contrast with other decapod larvae. Significant differences among sites were found for other decapod larvae, but not for P. armatus. The only parameter that varied significantly between seasons was salinity and results demonstrate that this factor regulates temporal concentration of larvae. Moreover, flow-tide oscillations were the most important spatial factor in larval dynamics. We propose this mechanism: P. armatus liberates larvae during high tide; these larvae leave the coastal area during low tide and return to the rocky intertidal ecosystem during high tide, when they are ready to settle as megalopa (pre-juvenile stage). Parallel laboratory observations showed higher survival rates at lower salinities (15 ups against 35 ups) and that the duration of the period from zoea I to megalopa was, in average, 19 days. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1209-1223. Epub 2008 September 30.

Durante octubre y noviembre de 1998 (estación lluviosa) y diciembre, febrero y marzo de 1999 (estación seca) se muestreó la distribución de la larva de Petrolisthes spp, así como la densidad del total de las larvas de decápodos en superficie y a 3 metros de profundidad. Los muestreos se realizaron en tres sitios de la zona de Punta Morales, Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica, por medio de arrastres con una red de plancton de 280 µm. Se recolectaron un total de 6014 larvas de decápodos de las cuales 73 (1.21%) pertenecían al género Petrolisthes spp. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre estaciones (p > 0.05), sin embargo fue posible observar una mayor densidad tanto de P. armatus como de larvas de decápodos en estación seca. Temporalmente el único parámetro físico-químico que varió significativamente fue la salinidad. En cuanto a la variación espacial no se encontraron diferencias significativas por profundidad, ni para Petrolisthes spp. ni para larvas de decápodos asociados (p > 0.05), a pesar de que la variación de algunos parámetros como la temperatura y el oxígeno si lo fue. Entre mareas se encontraron diferencias significativas para las larvas de Petrolisthes spp., no así para larvas de decápodos. Para la especie estudiada se observó un mayor número de larvas en marea baja. Entre los sitios hubo diferencias significativas para las larvas de decápodos, pero no para Petrolisthes spp.; físico-químicamente estos sitios son muy parecidos y solo difieren en penetración de luz, lo que parece no afectar a la larva de Petrolisthes. spp. Los resultados demuestran que el principal factor que regula la concentración temporal de las larvas es la salinidad, mientras que espacialmente las oscilaciones en el flujo mareal son de mayor importancia. Debido a las diferencias observadas marealmente para la concentración de larvas se propone el siguiente mecanismo: P. armatus libera sus larvas en el máximo de marea, éstas salen hacia fuera de la costa con la marea baja y se reincorporan con la marea alta, cuando están cerca de la fase previa al asentamiento (la megalopa). Adicional a los resultados en el medio natural para esta especie también se estudió en el laboratorio la duración del periodo larval y la supervivencia de las larvas a salinidades extremas utilizándose los valores máximos y mínimos registrados en el medio natural (15 ups y 35 ups). Este ensayo demostró que las larvas presentan un mayor porcentaje de supervivencia en salinidades menores (15 ups) y que la duración del período de desarrollo es de 19 dias.

[Observations on the larvae of the tropical marine crab Petrolisthes armatus in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica]. / Observaciones sobre la larva del cangrejo marino tropical (Decapoda: Porcellanidae) Petrolisthes armatus en el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica.

During October and November 1998 (rainy season), and December, February and March 1999 (dry season), larvae distribution of Petrolisthes armatus and associated decapods were sampled in three different sites at the Punta Morales peninsula, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. A total of 6014 decapod larvae were collected, and 73 belonged to the genus Petrolisthes spp. No significant total larval density differences were found between seasons (p > 0.05); but there was a greater density of P. armatus and other decapod larvae (p > 0.05) during the dry season. In addition, no significant variations on temperature and oxygen concentration were observed. P. armatus larval abundance was higher during low tide, in contrast with other decapod larvae. Significant differences among sites were found for other decapod larvae, but not for P. armatus. The only parameter that varied significantly between seasons was salinity and results demonstrate that this factor regulates temporal concentration of larvae. Moreover, flow-tide oscillations were the most important spatial factor in larval dynamics. We propose this mechanism: P. armatus liberates larvae during high tide; these larvae leave the coastal area during low tide and return to the rocky intertidal ecosystem during high tide, when they are ready to settle as megalopa (pre-juvenile stage). Parallel laboratory observations showed higher survival rates at lower salinities (15 ups against 35 ups) and that the duration of the period from zoea I to megalopa was, in average, 19 days.

Shrimp by-catch reduction using a short funnel net, in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, South Pacific, Mexico

Reduction of the by-catch in shrimp fishery is an important goal worldwide. In order to compare by-catch using the conventional trawling net and a newly designed short funnel net, nine cruises were carried out by the commercial fleet operating in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. A total of 480 trawls were done (mean duration: 85 min). The experimental trawls using the modified net produced a 21.13-28.86 % by-catch reduction (confidence interval 95 %), a 3 % increase of shrimp catch, and a significant reduction on net recovery time. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 889-897. Epub 2007 December, 28.

La reducción de la fauna de acompañamiento del camarón (FAC) es uno de los temas de discusión más importantes en la pesca mundial. Con la finalidad de contribuir en este tópico, se diseñó y utilizó una red de arrastre variando la longitud del túnel, y se comparó su efecto con el de una red tradicional; durante 9 cruceros de la flota comercial en el Golfo de Tehuantepec, México. Se realizó un total de 480 lances con promedio de 85 min cada uno. Los arrastres de la red modificada mostraron mejores resultados, con variación entre 21.13 a 28.86 %, con un 95 % de confianza de reducción de FAC, un incremento de 3 % en la captura de camarón, y una disminución del tiempo de recuperación, lo que sugiere un incremento en la eficiencia gracias al nuevo diseño.

Shrimp by-catch reduction using a short funnel net, in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, South Pacific, Mexico.

Reduction of the by-catch in shrimp fishery is an important goal worldwide. In order to compare by-catch using the conventional trawling net and a newly designed short funnel net, nine cruises were carried out by the commercial fleet operating in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. A total of 480 trawls were done (mean duration: 85 min). The experimental trawls using the modified net produced a 21.13-28.86% by-catch reduction (confidence interval 95%), a 3% increase of shrimp catch, and a significant reduction on net recovery time.