ABSTRACT
Sabemos poco sobre los dispositivos asistenciales de salud mental que tratan mediante psicoterapia psicoanalítica en España. Presentamos los resultados de un estudio epidemiológico que recoge la información proporcionada por 97 psicoterapeutas con orientación psicoanalítica pertenecientes a la Federación Española de Asociaciones de Psicoterapeutas (FEAP). Se describen los perfiles de los terapeutas, de los pacientes atendidos (n=1862) y de sus tratamientos. Los resultados son discutidos a la luz de otros estudios y representan un 7% de la actividad psicoanalítica de FEAP. (AU)
We do not know much about mental health care centers that treat through psychoanalytic psychotherapy in Spain. We present the results of an epidemiological study that collects the information provided by 97 psychoanalytic-oriented psychotherapists belonging to the Spanish Federation of Psychotherapist Associations (FEAP). Therapists profiles are described, as well as the patients attended (n=1862) and their treatments. The results are discussed in the light of other studies and represent 7% of the psychoanalytic activity of FEAP. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Psychoanalysis , Mental Disorders/therapy , Spain , Societies , Epidemiologic Studies , Psychoanalytic TherapyABSTRACT
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disease included within Autism Syndrome Disorder (ASD) spectrum. ASD has been linked to a series of genes that play a role in immune response function and patients with autism, commonly suffer from immune-related comorbidities. Despite the complex pathophysiology of autism, Gut-brain axis is gaining strength in the understanding of several neurological disorders. In addition, recent publications have shown the correlation between immune dysfunctions, gut microbiota and brain with the behavioral alterations and comorbid symptoms found in autism. Gut-brain axis acts as the "second brain", in a communication network established between neural, endocrine and the immunological systems. On the other hand, Hygiene Hypothesis suggests that the increase in the incidence of autoimmune diseases in the modern world can be attributed to the decrease of exposure to infectious agents, as parasitic nematodes. Helminths induce modulatory and protective effects against several inflammatory disorders, maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis and modulating brain functions. Helminthic therapy has been previously performed in diseases such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and food allergies. Considering gut-brain axis, Hygiene Hypothesis, and the modulatory effects of helminths I hypothesized that a treatment with Trichuris suis soluble products represents a feasible holistic treatment for autism, and the key for the development of novel treatments. Preclinical studies are required to test this hypothesis.
Subject(s)
Autism Spectrum Disorder/therapy , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Therapy with Helminths/methods , Animals , Autistic Disorder/therapy , Brain , Gastrointestinal Tract/physiopathology , Humans , Immune System , Models, Biological , Probiotics/therapeutic use , Th1 Cells/cytology , Th2 Cells/cytology , TrichurisABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to compare the in vivo anthelmintic activity of sainfoin hay (Onobrychis viciifolia) and carob pod meal (Ceratonia siliqua) against gastrointestinal nematodes. Seven days before infection, 64 naive lambs were assigned to four different groups: Group S received sainfoin hay and group CAR was fed with carob pods. The remaining lambs received lucerne hay (Medicago sativa) and were assigned to positive (non-treated, NT) and negative (treated, T) control groups (treatment with albendazole). On day 0, lambs were artificially trickle infected for 6 weeks, with a mixture of infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Parasitological and pathophysiological parameters were measured repeatedly during the 2-month study. Compared to the NT group, decreases in egg excretion were observed in the CAR and S groups with significant differences only found for sainfoin (p < 0.05). At necropsy, group S showed decreases in the total worm numbers of both nematode species with significant differences for H. contortus. In contrast, no differences were noticed for the CAR group. Compared to the NT group, lower values for fecundity of female H. contortus were found in the S and CAR groups, however differences were non-significant. No differences in body weight gains were found between groups. Consistent results were found showing significantly higher packed cell volume (PCV) values in the T and S groups compared to NT and CAR groups. Overall, these results confirm a positive effect associated with the feeding of lambs with tanniniferous resources on host resilience (PCV values) and against gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes by affecting some biological traits of worm populations (e.g. eggs per gram of faeces and worm numbers). However, the anthelmintic effects differed between the two tannin-containing resources, which might be associated with the quantity and/or quality of secondary metabolites (condensed tannins and/or other polyphenols).
