Effect of humic acid on oxidative stress and neuroprotection in traumatic spinal cord injury: an experimental study.

Background/aim: Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is an important health problem, especially in developing countries with additional socioeconomic loss. Humic acid (HA) usually has antioxidant, antiinflammatory, blood circulating, and antiviral effects. Hence, it was aimed herein to show the effect of HA on neuroprotection in a TSCI model. Materials and method: A TSCI model was used, in which 24 Wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups: control group: subjected to only laminectomy; sham group: subjected to laminectomy + TSCI; HA 5 mg/kg group: subjected to laminectomy + TSCI + intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 5 mg/kg of HA; and HA 10 mg/kg group: subjected to laminectomy + TSCI + IP injection of 10 mg/kg of HA. Intracardiac blood samples were obtained preoperatively (preop), and at 1 and 24 h postoperatively (postop). The total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels were evaluated in the serum. The motor functions were evaluated using the Modified Tarlov Score at 24 h postop. Results: There were no significant changes in the TAS values between the sham and HA 5 mg/kg and HA 10 mg/kg groups (p = 0.77/0.21). However there was a significant decrease in the TOS values at 24 h postop when comparing the sham and HA 5 mg/kg groups (p = 0.02). The pathological evaluation showed a significant decrease in the severity of edema, hemorrhage, polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PNL) infiltration, and mononuclear leucocyte (MNL)/macrophage/microglia infiltration when compared with the control group (p < 0.05). There was a significant recovery at the paraplegia level when the HA 5 mg/kg and HA 10 mg/kg groups were compared with the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The effects of HA in the early stages of TSCI on oxidative stress, histopathological changes, and neurological improvement were investigated herein. It is thought to be a potential therapeutic agent in acute TSCI but needs to be further evaluated to determine the extent of its effect on other neuroprotective pathways in larger series.

The Role of Breast Milk Neurotrophin Levels in Infantile Colic Pathogenesis: A Cross-Sectional Case-Control Study.

Objective: Immaturity of the digestive tract and enteric nervous system is a widely accepted theory for infantile colic (IC) etiopathogenesis. The study aimed to show whether neurotrophins that are necessary for normal functioning and development of the gastrointestinal system have a role in the pathogenesis of IC. Materials and Methods: The IC group (n = 75) comprising the mothers of infants with IC and the control group (n = 75) were included to this cross-sectional case-control study. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and nerve growth factor (NGF) levels of breast milk samples were evaluated by immunosorbent analysis method. Results: The mean age of infants with IC was 7.3 ± 2.8 weeks, while the mean age of the control group was 8.1 ± 2.9 weeks (p = 0.110). No significant difference was found between the breast milk BDNF, GDNF, CNTF, and NGF levels of two groups (p = 0.941, p = 0.510, p = 0.533, p = 0.839, respectively). Conclusions: This is the first report comparing the neurotrophin levels of the breast milk samples taken from the mothers of infants with and without IC. The study demonstrated that breast milk neurotrophin levels of the mothers did not differ significantly between the infants with and without IC.

Biological variation of plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3, Serum vitamin B12, folate and ferritin in Turkish healthy subject.

Biological variation (BV) plays a crucial role in determining analytical performance specifications, assessing serial measurements of individuals, and establishing the use of population-based reference intervals. Our study aimed to calculate the BV and BV-based quality goals of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH D3), ferritin, folate and vitamin B12 tests. We included a total of 22 apparently healthy volunteers (9 women and 13 men) aged 18-55 years in the study that we conducted in Turkey. Blood samples were collected from the participants once a week for five weeks. Serum ferritin, folate and vitamin B12 levels were measured using immunochemical method, while plasma 25-OH D3 levels were determined using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to estimate analytical variation(CVA), within-subject BV(CVI) and between-subject BV(CVG). The individuality index (II) and reference change value (RCV) were calculated based on these data. The CVI of 25-OH D3, ferritin, folate, and vitamin B12 were found to be 1.8% (0.6%-2.5%), 16.9% (14.4%-20.2%), 10.7% (9.2%-12.7%), and 8.6% (6.8%-10.5%), respectively. CVG were 44.2% (34.3%-69.9%), 132% (87.7%-238%), 19.4% (14.4%-28.8%), and 39.6% (29.8%-59.0%) for the same biomarkers, while CVA were 3.2% (2.81%-3.71%), 3.5% (3.1%-4.1%), 4.0% (3.5%-4.6%), and 7.5% (6.6%-8.6%), respectively. The II values for 25-OH D3, ferritin, folate, and vitamin B12 were calculated as 0.04, 0.13, 0.55, and 0.22, respectively. The RCV were 10.2%, 47.8%, 31.7%, and 31.6%, respectively. Because the tests analyzed in this study exhibit high individuality, RCV should be preferred rather than population-based reference ranges in clinical interpretation of results.

Assessment of mimicking by EBV-CMV immunoglobulin M of anti-HLA antibodies.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to show the cross-reactivity that may occur between immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibodies that form against Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and/or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human leukocyte antigens (HLA). METHODS: Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) cross-reactivity between serum samples of 57 patients with IgM positive CMV and/or EBV infections and T and B cells from 15 healthy donors were evaluated. Dithiothreitol was used to distinguish cross-reactivity caused by IgM antibodies from IgG. RESULTS: The cross-reactivity ratio between pathogenic IgM antibodies with T cell of the 12th donor, and B cell of the 3rd, 4th, and 8th donors was significantly higher (p = 0.011, <0.001, <0.001 and 0.013, respectively). The ratio of B cell CDC cross-reactivity of all donors (26.4%) was higher than the ratio of T cell CDC cross-reactivity (5.2%) (p < 0.001). The ratio of T cell CDC cross-reactivity of sera containing both anti-CMV IgM and anti-EBV IgM antibodies was significantly higher than those of sera containing only anti-CMV IgM or only anti-EBV IgM antibodies (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). There was no difference between B cell CDC cross-reactivity rates according to the presence of anti-CMV and/or anti-EBV IgM antibodies. CONCLUSION: Cross-reactivity may occur between anti-CMV and anti-EBV IgM antibodies with HLA molecules. Thus, in graft recipients, pathogenic IgMs can also act as de novo anti-HLA antibodies and aggravate the rejection process.

Usefulness of laboratory parameters and chest CT in the early diagnosis of COVID-19.

In the present study, the importance of laboratory parameters and CT findings in the early diagnosis of COVID-19 was investigated. To this end, 245 patients admitted between April 1st, and May 30th, 2020 with suspected COVID-19 were enrolled. The patients were divided into three groups according to chest CT findings and RT-PCR results. The non-COVID-19 group consisted of 71 patients with negative RT-PCR results and no chest CT findings. Ninety-five patients with positive RT-PCR results and negativechest CT findings were included in the COVID-19 group; 79 patients with positive RT-PCR results and chest CT findings consistent with COVID-19 manifestations were included in COVID-19 pneumonia group. Chest CT findings were positive in 45% of all COVID-19 patients. Patients with positive chest CT findings had mild (n=30), moderate (n=21) andor severe (n=28) lung involvement. In the COVID-19 group, CRP levels and the percentage of monocytes increased significantly. As disease progressed from mild to severe, CRP, LDH and ferritin levels gradually increased. In the ROC analysis, the area under the curve corresponding to the percentage value of monocytes (AUC=0.887) had a very good accuracy in predicting COVID-19 cases. The multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that CRP, LYM and % MONO were independent factors for COVID-19. Furthermore, the chest CT evaluation is a relevant tool in patients with clinical suspicion of COVID-19 pneumonia and negative RT-PCR results. In addition to decreased lymphocyte count, the increased percentage of monocytes may also guide the diagnosis.

Evaluation of D-dimer levels measured by different analytical methods in COVID-19 patients.

Clinicians experience some challenges due to the lack of standardization of test, although D-dimer is a prognostic marker for COVID-19. We compared the clinical and analytical performances of D-dimer results obtained from different devices, kits and methods in patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19. Thirty-nine patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 and 24 healthy individuals were included in the study. D-dimer levels were measured with Innovance D-DIMER kit (immunoturbidimetric method) on Sysmex CS-2500 and BCS XP and VIDAS D-Dimer Exclusion II kit (enzyme-linked fluorescence method) on mini VIDAS. The studies of precision, method comparison and clinic performance were performed. The variation coefficients in all systems were within the acceptable imprecision (7.8%). Bias%(12.5%) between BCS XP and Sysmex CS-2500 was lower than the acceptable Bias%(15.5%). Bias% values (19.2% and 33.3%, respectively) between Mini VIDAS with BCS XP and Sysmex CS-2500 were higher than the acceptable Bias%. The correlation coefficients among all systems were 0.89-0.98. For 500 ng/ml FEU, there was almost perfect agreement between BCS XP and Sysmex CS-2500, a moderate agreement between Mini VIDAS and BCS XP and Sysmex CS-2500. The cut-off values for distinguishing between individuals with and withoutCOVID-19 were Mini VIDAS, Sysmex CS-2500 and BCS XP 529, 380 and 390 ng/ml FEU, respectively. The immunoturbidimetric method can be used as an alternative to the enzyme-linked fluorescent method because of satisfactory agreement at the different thresholds proposed for venous thromboembolism. However, it is recommended to follow up COVID-19 with the D-dimer results obtained by the same assay system.

Comparison of effects of m-TOR inhibitors and calcineurin inhibitor on SUPAR and ox-LDL levels in renal transplant recipients / Comparación de los efectos de los inhibidores de m-TOR y el inhibidor de calcineurina sobre los niveles de SUPAR y ox-LDL en receptores de trasplante renal

ABSTRACT Introduction: We aimed to investigate the effect of different immunosuppressive regimens on SUPAR and ox-LDL levels which are early markers of inflammation in renal transplant recipients. Methods: A total number of 83 patients were enrolled in our study. While fourty- eight of those were received mTORi, thirty five patients were been receiving CNI. According to the immunosuppressive regimen patients were divided into CNI and m-TORi receving groups and serum SUPAR and ox-LDL levels were measured. Results: Log-SUPAR values were lower in the group receiving m-TORi (3.40 ± 0.1 vs 3.48 ± 0.4, p=0.010). OxLDL / LDL levels were higher (0.0168± 005 vs 0.0132 ±004, p=0.009) in the CNI group. In linear regression analysis, a statistically significant relationship was detected between the use of m-TORi and log-SUPAR (β = -0.052, 95% CI [-0.224, -0.012], p = 0.041) . A negative and independent relationship was found between HT and log-SUPAR (β = -0.60, 95% CI--0.112, -0.018], p=0.0024) and ox-LDL (β = -0.169 [-0.330, -0.008], p=0.040). Very strong correlation (r=1.0, p=<0.001) and independent relationship (β=0.321 [0.313,0.330], p=<0.001) was detected between ox-LDL and SUPAR. Conclusion: As a result, when compared immunsuppression between m-TORi and CNI, the former was associated with lower SUPAR and oxLDL levels.

RESUMEN Introducción: Nuestro objetivo fue investigar el efecto de diferentes regímenes inmunosupresores sobre los niveles de SUPAR y ox-LDL, que son marcadores tempranos de inflamación en receptores de trasplante renal. Material y métodos: Un total de 83 pacientes se inscribieron en nuestro estudio. Mientras que cuarenta y ocho de ellos recibieron mTORi, treinta y cinco pacientes recibieron CNI. De acuerdo con el régimen inmunosupresor, los pacientes se dividieron en grupos receptores de CNI y m-TORi y se midieron los niveles séricos de SUPAR y ox-LDL. Resultados: Los valores de Log-SUPAR fueron menores en el grupo que recibió m-TORi (3,40 ± 0,1 vs 3,48 ± 0,4, p = 0,010). Los niveles de OxLDL/LDL fueron mayores (0,0168± 005 vs 0,0132 ±004, p=0,009) en el grupo CNI. En el análisis de regresión lineal, se detectó una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el uso de m-TORi y log-SUPAR (β = -0,052, IC del 95% [-0,224, -0,012], p = 0,041). Se encontró una relación negativa e independiente entre HT y log-SUPAR (β = -0.60, 95% IC--0.112, -0.018], p = 0.0024) y ox-LDL (β = -0.169 [-0.330, -0.008], p = 0,040). Se detectó una correlación muy fuerte (r = 1,0, p <0,001) y una relación independiente (β = 0,321 [0,313, 0,330], p <0,001) entre ox-LDL y SUPAR. Conclusión: Como resultado, cuando se comparó la inmunosupresión entre m-TORi y CNI, la primera se asoció con niveles más bajos de SUPAR y oxLDL.

Could presepsin be an alternative marker in the early diagnosis of sepsis in COVID-19?

In critical patients with Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), we investigated the diagnostic value of presepsin in the early diagnosis of superinfection with sepsis, and the effect of antibiotic treatment (AT) in the levels of presepsin and procalcitonin and C-reactive protein. A total of 68 critical patients with sepsis and septic shock in the intensive care unit and 20 outpatients (control group) with COVID-19 were taken. ICU patients (n = 68) were further divided into three groups. C(-)AT(-) had negative blood or tracheal aspirate cultures (C) and not AT on admission to ICU (n = 18), C(-)AT(+) had negative C and AT on admission to intensive care unit (n = 31) and C(+) had positive C (n = 19). Presepsin, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein results were compared between the groups. There were no significant relationships between presepsin levels with sepsis, septic shock, mortality, or length of stay in ICU in patients with COVID-19. For procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels in C(-)AT(+) and C(+) groups were significantly higher than in control and C(-)AT(-) groups (p < .001). C-reactive protein levels in C(-)AT(-) group were significantly higher than in the control group (p < .001). PCT and CRP, there was no difference between C(-)AT(+) and C(+) groups, and procalcitonin there was no difference between control and C(-)AT(-) groups. Presepsin was not found as a useful biomarker for the prediction of sepsis in COVID-19 patients. These study findings indicate that procalcitonin and C-reactive protein may be an indicator of an early diagnostic marker for superinfection in critical COVID-19 patients.

Biological variation data for kidney function related parameter: serum beta trace protein, creatinine and cystatin C from 22 apparently healthy Turkish subjects.

OBJECTIVES: Biological variation is defined as the variation in analytical concentration between and within individuals, and being aware of this biological variation is important for understanding disease dynamics. The aim of our study is to calculate the within-subject (CVI) and between-subject (CVG) biological variations of serum creatinine, cystatin C and beta trace protein (BTP), as well as the reference change value (RCV) and individuality indexes (II), which are used to calculate the glomerular filtration rate while evaluating kidney damage. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 22 healthy volunteers for 10 consecutive weeks and stored at -80 °C until the day of analysis. While the analysis for serum creatinine was performed colorimetrically with the kinetic jaffe method, the nephelometric method was employed for cystatin C and BTP measurements. All analyses were carried out in a single session for each test. RESULTS: Analytical coefficient of variation (CVA) for serum creatinine, cystatin C and beta trace protein was 5.56, 3.48 and 5.37%, respectively. CVI and CVG: for serum creatinine: 3.31, 14.50%, respectively, for cystatin C: 3.15, 12.24%, respectively, for BTP: 9.91, 14.36%, respectively. RCV and II were calculated as 17.94%, 0.23 for serum creatinine, 13.01%, 0.26 for cystatin C, 31.24%, 0.69 for BTP, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: According to the data obtained in our study, serum creatinine and cystatin C show high individuality, therefore we think that the use of RCV instead of reference ranges would be appropriate. Although II is found to be low for BTP, more studies are needed to support this finding.

Coronavirus disease 2019 in healthy children: What is the effect of household contact?

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children is milder than in adults. Household virus exposure may affect clinical severity. We aimed to determine the household contact history of patients and its influence on the clinical stage. METHODS: One hundred and seventy-three pediatric patients with COVID-19 as diagnosed with positive real-time polymerase chain reaction for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 aged 1 month to 18 years were included. Demographic data, laboratory and clinical findings, and the history of household contact of the patients were obtained. They were classified according to their clinical stage as mild or moderate-severe. RESULTS: Sixty patients (34.7%) were asymptomatic, and 113 were symptomatic (65.3%). Of the 173 patients, 138 (79.8%) had at least one family member in the household who was diagnosed as having COVID-19. Hemoglobin, absolute neutrophil count, and absolute neutrophil count /absolute lymphocyte count ratio decreased significantly in patients with household contact. The presence of a household contact did not have a significant effect on the presence of symptoms, clinical course, age, and the sex of the patients. The need for hospitalization was less in the group that had household contact. Being 0-12 months, being female, and being a patient without household contact were independent factors associated with higher hospitalization ratios in logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found that household contact history did not significantly affect presenting symptoms and clinical course. We detected the rate of hospitalization to be less in the group with only household contact.

Effect of Humic Acid on Oxidative Stress and Neuroprotection in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Experimental Study.

OBJECTIVE: Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is an important health problem especially in developing countries with additional socio-economic loss. Humic acids (HA) usually have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, blood-circulating and antiviral effects. We aimed to show effect of HA on neuroprotection in TSCI model. METHODS: We performed TSCI model in Twenty-four Wistar-Albino rats in four groups. Control group underwent only laminectomy. Sham group underwent laminectomy followed by TSCI. Low dose HA (5mg/kg) and high dose HA (10mg/kg) groups underwent laminectomy and TSCI followed by peritoneal administration of HA. Preoperative, postoperative 1st hour and postoperative 24th hour cardiac blood samples were obtained. Total Antioxidant Status (TAS), Total Oxidant Status (TOS) and Oxidative Index (OI) levels were evaluated in serum. The 24th hour motor functions were evaluated by Modified Tarlov Score. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in TAS values between sham- low dose and high dose humic acid groups (p:0.77/0.21). However there were a significant decrease of TOS levels in the 24th hour post operative blood samples comparing the sham group with low dose humic acid group (p=0.02). Pathological evaluation showed a significant decrease in the severity of edema, hemorrhage, Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PNL) and Mononuclearleucocytes (MNL) /macrophage/microglia when we compare with the control group (p<0.05). There is a significant recovery in paraplegia level as we compared the HA groups with control groups (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In this study, we showed the effects of HA in the early stages of TSCI on oxidative stress, histopathological changes and neurological improvement. It is thought to be a potential therapeutic agent in acute TSCI but needs to be further evaluated by showing proper effect on other neuroprotective pathways in larger series.

Is endothelial glycocalyx damage a cause of renal scarring in vesicoureteral reflux with febrile urinary tract infection?

INTRODUCTION: Endothelial glycocalyx is a luminal layer which can be damaged by inflammatory agents or pathogens. The endothelial glycocalyx damage is thought to have a role in the formation of renal scars in children who have febrile urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux. This study aimed to compare the blood levels of endothelial glycocalyx components heparan sulfate and Syndecan-1 in children with and without renal scarring due to vesicoureteral reflux-associated febrile urinary tract infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of the patients diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux without renal scarring (Group 1), patients with vesicoureteral reflux and renal scarring (Group 2), and completely healthy children (Group 3) were retrospectively reviewed. Blood levels of heparan sulfate and Syndecan-1 were measured and the results were compared. RESULTS: The entire cohort consisted of 90 patients; there were 30 patients in each group. Mean patient age was 49.7±18.0 months. Mean serum heparan sulfate (42.90±18.90 ng/mL) and Syndecan-1 (37.59±13.77 ng/mL) levels of Group 2 were significantly higher than those of other groups. The cut-off value for heparan sulfate was 35.17 ng/mL, with a 63% sensitivity and 86% specificity. The cut-off value for Syndecan-1 was 29.99 ng/mL with a 70% sensitivity and 80% specificity. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that blood levels of heparan sulfate and Syndecan-1 could be related with renal scarring in patients with vesicoureteral reflux, especially in the setting of febrile urinary tract infection. However, due to their low sensitivity, these biomarkers should be used along with clinical data.

Association of Leptin Levels and Disease Activity in Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have reported a link between metabolic parameters and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), although the evidence is limited in early RA. We aimed to investigate the relationship between disease activity and adipocytokine levels in subjects with early RA. METHODS: Forty-seven patients with early RA (symptom duration ≤12 months) were enrolled. Disease activity was determined by DAS28-CRP. Patients were treated with DMARDs according to the EULAR recommendations. Subjects were tested before and five months after treatment. RESULTS: Early RA patients with high disease activity (DAS28-CRP > 4.9) had greater BMI (31.2 ± 6.8 kg/m2 vs. 26.7 ± 4.1 kg/m2; p = 0.006) and higher leptin levels (14.62 ± 15.60 ng/mL vs. 7.82 ± 8.00 ng/mL; p = 0.048). Levels of other adipocytokines were not significantly different. Leptin levels were similar in subjects with mild/moderate disease activity and controls. DAS28-CRP was correlated with leptin (r = 0.303, p = 0.039). Leptin levels decreased significantly after treatment (from 10.86 ± 12.34 ng/mL to 9.22 ± 9.29 ng/mL; p = 0.047) along with insulin levels (from 13.68 ± 21.90 mU/L to 7.09 ± 4.72 mU/L; p = 0.010) and HOMA-IR (from 4.39 ± 9.53 to 1.70 ± 1.38; p = 0.012). HDL cholesterol levels increased (from 41 ± 10 mg/dL48 ± 10 mg/dL; p <0.001). CONCLUSION: Leptin levels were associated with disease activity in patients with early RA and these levels decreased after treatment with DMARDs. Further research is needed to elicit leptin's role to regulate disease activity in early RA.

Diagnostic utility of C-reactive protein to albumin ratio as an early warning sign in hospitalized severe COVID-19 patients.

C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CAR) has been used as an indicator of prognosis in various diseases. Here, we intended to assess the CAR's diagnostic power in early differentiation of hospitalized severe COVID-19 cases. In this retrospectively designed study, we evaluated 197 patients in total. They were divided into two groups based on their severity of COVID-19 as non-severe (n = 113) and severe (n = 84). The comparison of groups' demographic data, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, and laboratory test results were done. Laboratory data of the patients within the first 24 h after admission to the hospital were evaluated. The calculation of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the diagnostic power of CAR in differentiating severity of COVID-19. Independent risk factors predictive of COVID-19 severity were determined by using logistic regression analysis. Although lymphocyte count levels were lower, severe COVID-19 patients had higher mean age, higher levels of neutrophil count, CRP, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), ferritin, and prothrombin time (P < 0.05). Compared with non-severe patients (median, 0.23 [IQR = 0.07-1.56]), patients with severe COVID-19 had higher CAR levels (median, 1.66 [IQR = 0.50-3.35]; P < 0.001). Age (OR = 1.046, P = 0.003), CAR (OR = 1.264, P = 0.037), and AST (OR = 1.029, P = 0.037) were independent risk factors for severe COVID-19 based on the multivariate logistic regression analysis. ROC curve analysis assigned 0.9 as the cut-off value for CAR for differentiation of severe COVID-19 (area under the curve = 0.718, 69.1% sensitivity, 70.8% specificity, P < 0.001). CAR is a useful marker in early differentiation of severity in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 that have longer hospital stay and higher mortality.

Utilization of biological variation data in the interpretation of laboratory test results - survey about clinicians' opinion and knowledge.

INTRODUCTION: To interpret test results correctly, understanding of the variations that affect test results is essential. The aim of this study is: 1) to evaluate the clinicians' knowledge and opinion concerning biological variation (BV), and 2) to investigate if clinicians use BV in the interpretation of test results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study uses a questionnaire comprising open-ended and close-ended questions. Questions were selected from the real-life numerical examples of interpretation of test results, the knowledge about main sources of variations in laboratories and the opinion of clinicians on BV. A total of 399 clinicians were interviewed, and the answers were evaluated using a scoring system ranked from A (clinician has the highest level of knowledge and the ability of using BV data) to D (clinician has no knowledge about variations in laboratory). The results were presented as number (N) and percentage (%). RESULTS: Altogether, 60.4% of clinicians have knowledge of pre-analytical and analytical variations; but only 3.5% of them have knowledge related to BV. The number of clinicians using BV data or reference change value (RCV) to interpret measurements results was zero, while 79.4% of clinicians accepted that the difference between two measurements results located within the reference interval may be significant. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians do not use BV data or tools derived from BV such as RCV to interpret test results. It is recommended that BV should be included in the medical school curriculum, and clinicians should be encouraged to use BV data for safe and valid interpretation of test results.

Effects of Lutein on Brain Damage and Vasospasm in an Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Model.

OBJECTIVE: Vasospasm developing after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity. Lutein is a carotenoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of present study was to investigate effects of lutein on the basilar artery and nerve tissues. METHODS: Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control (group 1), SAH (group 2), and SAH treated with lutein (group 3). Lutein was administered for 3 days by means of orogastric gavage. Basilar artery lumen area, wall thickness, serum total antioxidant status, serum total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index were calculated. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between groups in terms of wall thickness; lumen area; and serum total antioxidant status, serum total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index values. A statistically significant difference was found between groups colored with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (P < 0.005). Post hoc analysis was used to examine the results between groups. Results of group 1 and group 3 were equal (P = 1) and lower than group 2 (P = 0.04 and P = 0.006, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Lutein was found to have a positive effect on width of the basilar artery lumen area. Therefore, positive effects of lutein on vasospasm might be statistically significant if lutein is administered at higher doses. Lutein was found to be effective in preventing brain damage after SAH. To our knowledge, this study is the first in the literature to examine the effect of lutein on vasospasm and brain damage after SAH.

Protective effect of chlorogenic acid on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.

OBJECTIVES: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common cause of renal injury and to date, many pharmacological agents have been identified to decrease I/R injury. One of the potential compound that can target I/R injury is chlorogenic acid (CGA). It has potent antiinflammatory, antibacterial, anti-oxidant, analgesic and antipyretic activities in in vitro experiments and in vivo animal models. The aim of the study was to investigate the protective characteristic of CGA on renal I/R injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 24 rats were randomly allocated to three groups (n = 8): Sham, I/R+CGA and I/R groups. CGA was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 20 mg/kg, 10 min before reperfusion. I/R injury was achieved by clamping the left renal artery for 45 minutes, followed by reperfusion for 4 hours. The left kidneys of the rats were examined for tissue damage by histopathological and biochemical examination. For histological evaluation, EGTI scoring system was used. For biochemical examination total oxidant status, total antioxidant status and oxidative stress index were used. The power analysis indicated that 8 subjects per group would be required to produce 80% chance of achieving statistical significance at p < 0.05 level. The results are expressed as mean ± SD. Mann- Whitney U was performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Histopathological examination of the tissue damage revealed that all kidneys in the sham group were normal. I-R group had significantly higher histopathological scores than other groups. Histopathological improvement was seen after CGA treatment. TAS, TOS and OSI values of I-R group were significantly higher than sham group (0.88 vs 0.76 (p: 0.004), 13.8 vs 7.04 (p: 0.021) and 0.15 vs 0.09 (p: 0.034), respectively). In CGA treated group TAS, TOS and OSI levels were 0.84, 6.47 and 0.07, respectively. CGA treatment resulted in significant improvement in TOS and OSI parameters. CONCLUSIONS: CGA treatment provided marked improvement in renal histology and suppressed oxidative stress. Thus, CGA may have a protective effect in renal tissue against I/R injury.

Diagnostic Value of Serum Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor in Children With Acute Appendicitis.

OBJECTIVES: Acute appendicitis (AA) is the most common surgical emergency in children. The accurate and timely diagnosis of AA in children can be challenging, and delayed diagnosis rates have been reported to range from 5.9% to 27.6%. Although combining clinical history and repeated physical examination with laboratory tests and radiographic imaging modalities help reach the diagnosis, novel biomarkers can support the surgeons' decision as well. The aims of this study were to evaluate a new plasma marker, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), to improve diagnostic accuracy in AA patients, and to determine a cutoff value of uPAR, which can safely include/exclude the diagnosis of AA. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of children who underwent surgery for AA. Patients were categorized into the following 3 groups: group 1, controls consisted of 32 healthy volunteers; group 2, patients underwent surgery for nonperforated AA (n = 35); and group 3, patients underwent surgery for perforated AA (n = 21). Blood was sampled from group 1 at the admission and from group 2 and 3 before appendectomy. Serum uPAR, white blood cell count, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), and C-reactive protein concentrations were measured. RESULTS: Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, ANC, and white blood cell count values were significantly higher in group 2 and 3 than group 1, but there was no significant difference between group 2 and 3. C-reactive protein values were significantly higher only in group 3 than other groups. The cutoff value for uPAR is 2.2 ng/mL with sensitivity of 85.7% and specificity of 84.3% and ANC is 5900 cells/mm with sensitivity of 91.1% and specificity of 96.9% to diagnose appendicitis. The specificity was 81.3% and sensitivity was raised to 98.2% when evaluated together. CONCLUSIONS: The incorporation of uPAR count and ANC could be a strong predictor of AA in children.

Protective Effect of All-Trans Retinoic Acid in Cisplatin-Induced Testicular Damage in Rats.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in cisplatin (CP)-induced testicular damage in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control, ATRA alone, ATRA+CP, and CP alone. Body weight, testicular weight, sperm count, sperm motility, percentage of abnormal sperm, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) in testicular tissue, and testicular histopathology were compared among groups. RESULTS: The sperm count and motility significantly decreased and the percentage of abnormal sperm significantly increased in the CP group compared to the control and ATRA groups. CP+ATRA administration significantly increased the sperm count and motility, but reduced the abnormal sperm count. CP administration significantly increased TOS and OSI compared to the control group and the other groups. Administering CP+ATRA significantly decreased TOS and the OSI in testicular tissue and reduced spermatogenesis, but increased the Johnsen score. CONCLUSIONS: The destructive effects of CP treatment on testicular tissue and spermatogenesis were reduced by administering ATRA.

All-trans retinoic acid prevents cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) use on cisplatin (CP)-induced nephrotoxicty. Twenty-eight rats were randomly divided into four groups. The rats in the control group were injected a single dose of 1 ml/kg saline intra-peritoneally (IP) during 10 days. The rats in the ATRA group were injected a single dose of ATRA during 10 days. The rats in the ATRA+CP group were injected a single dose of CP on the fourth day of the 10 days of ATRA treatment. The rats in the CP group were injected a single dose of CP on the fourth day of 10 days without administering a treatment. After treatment, the groups were compared with regard to total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels in renal tissue and renal histopathology. The serum creatinine and urea values were statistically significantly higher in the CP group compared to the other groups. The serum creatinine and urea values were statistically significantly lower in the ATRA+CP group when compared to the CP group. Although the TOS and OSI levels were found to be lower in the ATRA+CP group compared to the CP group, the difference was not statistically significant. Administration of ATRA together with CP was observed to reduce the histopathologic destruction in the kidney and lead to mild tubular degeneration, vacuolization, and necrosis (57.1% grade 1; 28.6% grade2, and 14.3% grade 3 necrosis). The results of the present study have revealed that ATRA administration ameliorates CP-induced nephrotoxicity; however, further studies are required to identify this issue before clinical application.