Impact of climate change-related environmental factors on the allergens production and the epidemiology and severity of allergic pathologies.

BACKGROUND: Allergic disease affects up to 40% of the global adult population, a proportion that is increasing with environmental changes related to global warming. METHODS: We undertook a systematic review of the literature to identify and evaluate the current evidence of the impact of climate change-related environmental factors on the allergen production and the epidemiology and severity of allergic pathologies. PECO criteria were established and guided the literature searches of the PubMed and Cochrane databases (Jan 1, 2016 to Dec 31, 2021). Study outcomes were categorized and grouped to facilitate data synthesis. Outcomes were classified as significant (statistical significance <0.05), non-significant (p>0.05) or undetermined (p value not reported). Study quality was assessed using MMAT analysis. RESULTS: Of 195 studies, 40 were considered relevant and 9 of them provided data to be included in the data quantitative synthesis. Environmental factors, including the presence of pollutants, temperature, and drought, influenced the type, volume, and timing of exposure to local aeroallergens. The most relevant environmental factor was the presence of environmental pollutants, of which tropospheric ozone was the most frequently associated to changes in allergen production, prevalence, and severity of allergic disease. Also, several publications demonstrated the impact of environmental factors on the healthcare burden. CONCLUSIONS: Climate-change related environmental factors increased allergic disease in terms of prevalence, severity, and healthcare burden due to alterations in allergen exposure (volume and type) with the presence of pollutants such as ozone being the most commonly reported driver of such increase.

Failure of talc seromadesis for the treatment of subcutaneous chronic seromas after incisional hernia surgery.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Talc poudrage has been used since many years for sclerosing chronic pleural effusion. Several reports have shown good results managing chronic seromas after breast, vascular, and incisional hernia surgeries. The purpose of this study is to determine the utility of talc seromadesis for the management of chronic seromas after incisional hernia surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multicentric prospective observational study including patients diagnosed of chronic seromas after incisional hernia surgery. Under local anesthesia and ultrasonographic control, two percutaneous trocars were placed in the seroma, washing the seroma cavity with 0.9% saline solution and aspirating the remaining liquid. A sample of 4 g of talcum powder was introduced in the seroma cavity, and a 15-F drain was left in place. Patients were followed each week during at least 4 weeks after drainage removal. RESULTS: Between January 2013 and December 2016, a total of six patients were enrolled in the study. Talc poudrage was performed without any complications. Drains were pulled out in a mean time of 3 (range: 2-4) weeks. One case of the chronic seromas was efficiently sclerosed with talc without recurrence in time. In three cases, the seroma recurred, and the final solution was surgical decortication of the seroma. In the other two cases, seroma also recurred and were managed with instillation of ethanol and iodine povidone. CONCLUSION: In our experience, the management of chronic seromas after incisional hernia repair with talc seromadesis is ineffective and is associated with a high rate of seroma recurrence.

Tumours of the retrorectal space: management and outcome of a heterogeneous group of diseases.

AIM: Retrorectal tumours are a rare and complex entity in adults and children. They present a varied symptomatology and their treatment is very different according to their histology. We aimed to evaluate our experience of tumours of the retrorectal space. METHOD: Forty patients with retrorectal tumours were divided into two groups according to age. The variables analysed were sex, signs and symptoms, complementary examinations, surgical approaches, adjuvant therapies, pathological analyses, recurrence and survival. RESULTS: Symptoms across the 30 adults varied--back pain (18) was the most common. Surgical intervention was performed on 20 patients; the rest were candidates for other treatments: five metastatic disease, two lymphomas and two Ewing tumour. The most common surgical approach was posterior, with 10 cases (50%). In all, 70% of adult tumours were malignant, with chordoma (30%) and metastases (20%) being the most common lesions. The most frequent benign lesion was hamartoma (10%). The 1- and 5-year mortality rates were 23.8% and 38.1%, respectively. In the paediatric group, three patients were diagnosed in utero. The symptoms among children varied and all were operated upon. The most frequent tumour was teratoma. Overall mortality was 20%. CONCLUSIONS: Given their complexity, these tumours should be addressed by experts and all treatment options must be contemplated. They continue to present a challenge, above all in malignant tumours where the tumour cannot be controlled at a locoregional level.

Ebastine fast-dissolving tablets versus regular tablets: acceptability and preference in patients with allergic rhinitis.

A new fast-dissolving tablet (FDT) formulation of ebastine has been developed that dissolves rapidly in the mouth without the need for water. This new formulation of ebastine FDT offers an opportunity to tailor prescribing in a way that meets patient's preferences. The aim of the reported study was to evaluate the preferences of allergic rhinitis patients who were given either a placebo version of ebastine FDT or a placebo version of ebastine regular tablet (RT). Allergic rhinitis patients from Germany, Italy and Mexico, who were regular consumers of oral antihistamines, were recruited to a randomized, crossover study comparing placebo forms of ebastine FDT and ebastine RT. Patients were interviewed at home and were given both a FDT and RT (10 and 20 mg doses were used with a 1:1 ratio). Data on patient preferences were recorded by an interviewer and analyzed using descriptive statistics. A total of 420 individuals participated (140 in each country), 70% with intermittent and 24% with persistent allergic rhinitis. Using a rating scale of 0-10 and comparing mean values, ebastine FDT was statistically significantly better than RT for: sensation on dissolving (8.30 FDT vs 6.79 RT); taste it leaves in the mouth (8.10 FDT vs 6.60 RT); initial taste (8.07 FDT vs 6.63 RT); and texture (7.85 FDT vs 7.20 RT). Rapidity of dissolution was rated 8.67 for FDT. With the same scale, RT rated statistically significantly better than ebastine FDT for: appearance (7.46 RT vs 6.85 FDT); size (7.38 RT vs 7.06 FDT); and shape (7.55 RT vs 7.24 FDT). General evaluation was statistically significantly better for ebastine FDT (8.21 FDT vs 7.05 RT). Overall, 83% of patients preferred ebastine FDT to RT, 92% considered it to be more innovative, 90% that it was suitable to be taken without water and that it was technologically advanced, and 87% that it was suitable for taking at any time and anywhere, and that it had a refreshing taste. Ebastine FDT formulation is preferred to the RT by the majority of allergic rhinitis patients, rating most highly for dissolution, taste and texture.

Tacalcitol in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris: the Spanish experience.

BACKGROUND: A group of vitamin D derivatives has revealed to be an efficient treatment for psoriasis. Different types of studies have been designed to confirm the efficacy of its use without relevant side-effects. OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of tolerability and efficacy of tacalcitol ointment in moderate psoriasis. DESIGN: A 2-month multicentre prospective open-label observational study in patients with psoriasis treated with tacalcitol ointment. METHODS: A cohort of patients with psoriasis vulgaris seeking medical advice and being treated with tacalcitol based on the decision of their dermatologists was selected. A 2-month follow-up was performed to assess efficacy and tolerability of tacalcitol in an ointment formulation (4 microg/g) once daily. A psoriatic lesion was selected in each patient in order to assess clinical symptoms (erythema, desquamation and thickness) by means of five-point scale: 0 (none) to 4 (maximal severity). Percentages of involved skin, adverse effects, physicians' global assessments of efficacy and tolerability, and patients' global satisfaction scores were also evaluated after 15-30 days (first visit) and 2 months (second visit) of treatment. RESULTS: A total of 556 patients were included. Mean psoriasis duration was 10.1 years (range, 0-61 years). Follow-up data were available for 493 patients in first follow-up visit and 449 in second (final) visit. Adverse events were uncommon (1.0% and 0.6% of patients in first and second follow-up visits, respectively). At first follow-up visit, mean decrease in selected lesions surface area (from a baseline value of 185.8 cm(2) per lesion) was 11.1 cm(2) (95% CI, 1.6-20.6; P = 0.0213). After 2 months of treatment, mean scores for erythema, desquamation and thickness changed from 2.2 +/- 0.8 to 1.1 +/- 0.8 (19% of patients with no erythema at final visit); from 2.4 +/- 0.8 to 0.6 +/- 0.7 (55% of patients with no desquamation); and from 2.2 +/- 0.9 to 0.8 +/- 0.6 (51% of patients with less thickness), respectively. Mean percentage of total body skin involvement was 14% (7.5% and 6.9% of anterior and posterior body surface, respectively). After 2 months of treatment, a 3.2% (95% CI, 2.7-3.8; P = 0.0001) and 3.0% (95% CI, 2.4-3.6; P = 0.0001) decrease was observed in the percentage of involved anterior and posterior skin surface area, respectively. Efficacy and tolerability evaluation by investigators was very good or good in 94% and 74% of patients, respectively; 78% of patients evaluated study treatment as satisfactory/very satisfactory. More than 80%, 50-80% and less than 50% of prescribed doses were used by 88%, 9.3% and 2.3% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Tacalcitol was highly effective in the symptomatic treatment of moderate psoriasis. Compliance was very high, probably due to the easy and convenient application. Physicians' global assessments of tacalcitol were excellent, both for tolerability and efficacy. Excellent tolerability was confirmed by the low rate of adverse events. Our results in an everyday clinical setting show that tacalcitol is a useful therapy in patients with moderate psoriasis.

Cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients in Spain

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Burden of illness of Crohn's disease in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the burden of Crohn's disease in Spain. DESIGN: Observational, cross-sectional study of patients affected with Crohn's disease who were attended to in hospitals in Spain. METHODS: Three structured questionnaires were used: one completed by the gastroenterologists to obtain demographic, clinical and disease activity data; a phone interview to obtain epidemiological and drug utilisation data; and the Spanish version of the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). RESULTS: The annual cost per patient was estimated at Euro 6808-Euro 2104 from direct medical costs and Euro 4704 from indirect costs. Approximate effect sizes for health-related quality of life were as follows: 0.8 for general health, social function, role functioning--physical and vitality; 0.5 for role functioning--emotional, body pain and mental health; and 0.2 for physical function. CONCLUSION: Crohn's disease causes a significant decrease in health-related quality of life for patients and a considerable economic cost to society, mainly due to hospitalisations and loss of productivity. This burden indicates the importance of health programmes and interventions in reducing the heavy impact of the disease on both patients and society.

Prevalence of pain in the Spanish population: telephone survey in 5000 homes.

Pain has become the most common accompanying symptom in patients seeking medical advice, and it is one of the main issues in public health. In Spain, there are no reliable data about the impact of pain in general population. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of acute and chronic pain in the Spanish general population. An epidemiological observational population-based cross-sectional study was carried out by means of a telephone survey. Multistep stratified quota-adjusted sampling was performed with people aged 18-95 years. A computer-assisted questionnaire was administered, covering physical pain symptoms, site, frequency, perceived cause, therapeutic measures and interference with daily life activities. There were 11,980 useful contacts, with 5000 effective interviews (42% of useful sample). Of the interviewees, 29.6% (95% confidence interval, 28.3-30.8%) reported having had pain the day before (women, 37.6%; men, 20.9%) and 43.2% the week before. Most common pain sites were lower extremities (22.7%) and back (cervical and lumbar levels) (21.5%), followed by head (20.5%). Frequency of pain increased with age, reaching 42.6% for people older than 65 years. Among people complaining of pain during the last day or week, duration of symptoms was higher than 3 months in 54% (chronic pain), representing 23.4% of the Spanish general population; most common causes of chronic pain were arthritis, rheumatism and migraine. Regarding treatment, 61.7% of people complaining of pain said they were taking drugs. Source of drug treatment advice was a physician or a nurse in 66.4% of cases and self-prescription in 29%. It is concluded that pain, particularly chronic pain, has a high prevalence in the Spanish general population and a significant impact on occupational and social relationships.

Helicobacter pylori eradication versus one-year maintenance therapy: effect on relapse and gastritis outcome.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine ulcer healing and H. pylori eradication rates obtained with triple therapy (omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin). Ulcer relapsing rate one year after eradication was also assessed. Maintenance therapy with placebo was compared with ranitidine therapy and the effect of eradication on histological variables of the gastric mucosa was studied. METHODS: A prospective, double-blind parallel study was performed in 85 patients endoscopically diagnosed of duodenal ulcer H. pylori positive. Patients were randomized to a 7-days triple therapy (group A) or omeprazole plus antibiotic placebo (group B). All patients were treated only with omeprazole for the next three weeks. Patients with ulcer healing after treatment were entered in a one-year follow up phase with ranitidine placebo (group A) or ranitidine (group B). Endoscopy and biopsies were performed at baseline, after treatment (5 weeks) and after 12 months of follow-up or when relapsing symptoms appeared. RESULTS: Healing rate was 90.2% in group A and 85.7% in group B. Eradication rate was 78% in group A and 0% in group B. Out of 37 healed patients in group A, eradication was achieved in 29 and only one relapse was found (3.4%). Three out of eight patients with healing but without eradication relapsed at 12 months (35%) (p < 0.05). Histopathological results showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between eradicated and non eradicated patients in terms of severity of inflammation and intestinal metaplasia, but not in terms of atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori eradication is useful to prevent ulcer relapse and to improve gastric mucosa status.

Criteria used by general practitioners in prescribing prokinetic or antisecretory drugs in patients with functional dyspepsia.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical factors considered by general practitioners for the prescription of prokinetic or antisecretory drugs in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD), and to assess therapeutic outcomes and factors predicting effectiveness. DESIGN: Multicentric, prospective and observational study. PATIENTS: 1,021 patients with FD were included. One hundred and thirty-two (132) were excluded from the analysis because they were taking ASA or NSAID. Patients were classified according to their predominant symptoms as reflux, ulcer, dysmotility or non-specific. At the physician discretion, treatment with alkali drugs was prescribed to 38 patients, prokinetic drugs to 574, antisecretory drugs to 123 and a combined therapy to 154. One month later, patient self-perception of symptomatic improvement was evaluated in patients treated with prokinetic drugs and antisecretory drugs. RESULTS: 85% of the patients reported symptomatic improvement after one month of treatment. Patients with non-specific FD had lower improvement rates regardless of the drug used (prokinetic or antisecretory) (77%) compared to all the other types (p = 0.03). Prescription of prokinetics was associated to female gender (OR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.28-0.66) and early satiety (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.6-4.1). A longer symptomatic evolution (OR 0.92: 95% CI: 0.88-0.97) was the only independent predictive factor of a poor response to prokinetic drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with FD attended by general practitioners, female gender and early satiety symptom were associated to the prescription of prokinetic drugs. Early symptomatic effectiveness rates for prokinetic or antisecretory drugs alike were high (85%). Patients with non-specific dyspepsia or long symptomatic evolution showed less favorable symptomatic response to prokinetic drugs.

Validation of the Spanish version of the Glasgow Dyspepsia Severity Score.

OBJECTIVE: To translate, adapt and validate the Spanish version of the Glasgow Dyspepsia Severity Score (GDSS). METHOD: The translation into Spanish and the adaptation of the scale was carried out by specialized medical translators. The comprehensibility of the translated scale was assessed by two independent observers and by the research team. GDSS includes eight items and was filled out once by 40 healthy subjects (control group) and twice by 131 patients with functional dyspepsia. After the first measurement, patients were prescribed a H2 blocker (roxatidine) for 2 months. A second evaluation was carried out 6 months after the beginning of the treatment. RESULTS: The comprehensibility of the questionnaire was good. It showed acceptable internal consistency both for the control group (0.6) and for the patients at the inclusion visit (0.6) and good consistency for the patients at the 6 month follow-up evaluation (0.8). After treatment, the overall score decreased almost to half (p < 0.0001) in the patients, thus confirming the effectiveness of the treatment 4 months after its discontinuation, although their score was still higher than the score of the control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest the usefulness of including the GDSS scale in the dyspeptic symptoms recording protocols, since it allow to estimate, with appropriate objectivity and in an easy and quickly way, the degree of impairment due to dyspeptic symptoms, as well as the perception of well-being and the effectiveness of a given therapy.

Erradicación de helicobacter pylori, versus tratamiento de mantenimiento / Helicobacter pylory eradication versus oneyear maintenance therapy: effect on relapse and gastritis outcome

Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las tasas de curación de úlcera y erradicación de H. pylori conseguidas con triple terapia (omeprazol, amoxicilina y claritromicina). También se evaluó la tasa de recidivas tras un año de la erradicación y tratamiento de mantenimiento con placebo comparado con terapia con ranitidina y se evaluó el efecto de la erradicación sobre variables histológicas de la mucosa gástrica. Métodos: se realizó un ensayo clínico, doble ciego y de grupos paralelos con 85 pacientes con úlcera duodenal comprobada endoscópicamente y H. pylori positivos. Los pacientes fueron randomizados a recibir triple terapia durante 7 días (grupo A) u omeprazol más placebo de antibióticos (grupo B). Todos los pacientes fueron tratados con omeprazol durante las tres semanas siguientes. Los pacientes en los que cicatrizó la úlcera entraron en la fase de seguimiento de 1 año de duración con placebo de ranitidina (grupo A) o ranitidina (grupo B). Se realizaron endoscopias y biopsias al inicio, tras el tratamiento erradicador (a las 5 semanas) y a los 12 meses de seguimiento o cuando aparecieran síntomas de recidiva. Resultados: la tasa de curación fue del 90,2 por ciento en el grupo y del 85,7 por ciento en el grupo B. La tasa de erradicación fue del 78 por ciento en el grupo A y del 0 por ciento en el grupo B. Entre los 37 pacientes del grupo A que cicatrizaron la úlcera, 29 habían sido erradicados y sólo uno recidivó (3,4 por ciento). Tres de los 8 pacientes que cicatrizaron pero no erradicaron mostraron recidiva a los 12 meses (35 por ciento) (p < 0,05). Los resultados histopatológicos mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los pacientes erradicados y no erradicados por lo que se refiere a la intensidad de la inflamación y a la metaplasia intestinal (p < 0,05) pero no por lo que respecta a la atrofia. Conclusión: la erradicación de H. pylori es útil para prevenir la recaída ulcerosa y mejorar el estado de la mucosa gástrica, incluida la metaplasia intestinal (AU)

Criterios de los médicos de atención primaria para la indicación de tratamiento con procinéticos o antisecretores en pacientes con dispepsia funcional / Criteria used by ge neral practitioners in prescribing prokinetic or antisecretory drugs in patients with functional dyspepsia

Objetivo: analizar los factores clínicos que valoran los médicos de atención primaria para la prescripción de procinéticos o antisecretores en pacientes con dispepsia funcional (DF) y evaluar los resultados terapéuticos y factores predictivos de efectividad. Diseño: estudio multicéntrico, prospectivo y observacional. Pacientes: se incluyeron 1.021 pacientes con DF, se excluyeron 132 porque tomaban AAS o AINE. Se clasificaron según sintomatología predominante en tipo reflujo, ulceroso, dismotilidad e inespecífica. A criterio del facultativo se prescribió tratamiento con alcalinos en 38 pacientes, procinéticos en 574, antisecretores en 123 o mixto en 154. Al mes se evaluó la percepción de mejoría sintomática de los pacientes tratados con procinéticos y antisecretores. Resultados: se produjo mejoría sintomática en un 85 por ciento de pacientes al mes de tratamiento. Los pacientes con DF tipo inespecífico, tanto con procinéticos como con antisecretores, tuvieron menores tasas de mejoría (77 por ciento) que el resto de subtipos (p = 0,03). La prescripción de procinéticos se relacionó con el sexo femenino (OR: 0,43; IC 95 por ciento: 0,28-0,66) y el síntoma saciedad precoz (OR: 2,5; IC 95 por ciento: 1,6-4,1). Una evolución sintomática más larga (OR 0,92: IC 95 por ciento: 0,88-0,97) fue el único predictor independiente de peor respuesta a procinéticos. Conclusiones: en los pacientes con DF atendidos por médicos de Atención Primaria, el sexo femenino y el síntoma de saciedad precoz se relacionaron con la prescripción de procinéticos. Las tasas de eficacia sintomática precoz con procinéticos o antisecretores fueron altas (85 por ciento). Los pacientes con dispepsia del tipo inespecífico o sintomatología de larga evolución presentaron respuesta terapéutica menos favorable a procinéticos (AU)

Validación de la versión española de la Glasgow Dyspepsia Severity Score / Validation of the Spanish version of the Glasgow Dyspepsia Severitiy Score

Objetivo: traducir, adaptar y validar al castellano la Glasgow Dysepsia Severity Score (GDSS).Método: la traducción y adaptación del cuestionario al castellano fue realizada por personal especializado en traducción médica. Se estudió la comprensibilidad de la escala por dos evaluadores independientes y por el equipo investigador. La GDSS está compuesta por ocho ítems y fue cumplimentada en una ocasión por 40 sujetos sanos (grupo control) y en dos ocasiones por 131 pacientes con dispepsia funcional. Tras la primera valoración de la escala se prescribía a los pacientes tratamiento con un bloqueante H2 (roxatidina) durante 2 meses. A los 6 meses del inicio del tratamiento se realizó la segunda evaluación. Resultados: la comprensibilidad del cuestionario fue buena. El cuestionario mostró una consistencia interna aceptable tanto para el grupo control (0,6) como para los pacientes en la valoración durante la inclusión (0,6) y buena para los pacientes a los 6 meses de seguimiento (0,8). Después del tratamiento, la puntuación total de la escala disminuyó en los pacientes casi a la mitad (p< 0,0001) confirmando la bondad del tratamiento 4 meses después de finalizado, aunque la puntuación seguía siendo superior a la del grupo control (p< 0,001).Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren el interés de incorporar el cuestionario GDSS en los protocolos de registro de sintomatología dispéptica ya que permite estimar con aceptable objetividad y de forma rápida y sencilla el grado de afectación de la sintomatología dispéptica, la percepción de bienestar y la eficacia de una determinada terapia (AU)

Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its exacerbations in general practice. EOLO Group. Estudio Observacional de la Limitación Obstructiva al Flujo aEreo.

The high prevalence and chronicity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) imply that many of these patients are treated and controlled in primary-care centres, often without contact with specialized pneumologist care. We conducted the present study to evaluate the treatment administered in stable and exacerbated COPD in GP-setting clinics and to investigate which factors could be associated with the different prescriptions. This is a cross-sectional observational study of ambulatory COPD patients. General practitioners (n = 201) were selected throughout Spain by regionally stratified sampling. We recorded the physician-reported prescription drug use in ambulatory treatment of stable COPD and acute exacerbations of COPD through a standard questionnaire. Factors independently associated with the prescription of drugs were ascertained by multiple logistic regression analysis. Of 1078 questionnaires reviewed, 1001 fulfilled quality criteria. There were 878 men (88%) and 123 women (12%); 777 (78%) were smokers or ex-smokers with a mean age of 68 years. Mean FEV1 was 47% predicted (% pred.) (SD = 13%). The median number of exacerbations was two per year (range = 0-16). Regular treatment for COPD was received by 878 (88%): the most commonly used drugs were inhaled beta 2-agonists (71%), theophyllines (53%) and inhaled corticosteroids (ICs) (50%), followed by mucolytics (25%), ipratropium bromide (23%), and oral corticosteroids (OCs) (4%). Treatment for exacerbations included inhaled bronchodilators (90%), antibiotics (89%), ICs (71%) and OCs (43%). Impairment of FEV1 was the factor most strongly associated in multiple regression analysis with increasing drug prescription in stable COPD, except for mucolytics, while the number of previous acute exacerbations was the main factor associated with exacerbation treatment except for OCs, the use of which was associated with more impaired pulmonary function. A significant number of the treatments prescribed in primary care for stable and exacerbated COPD do not follow current recommendations. Impairment in FEV1 is the factor most strongly associated with increasing prescription in stable COPD and the number of previous exacerbations is the main factor associated with exacerbation treatment.

Pulmonary eosinophilia associated with montelukast.

Antileukotriene drugs are new therapeutic agents that have recently been approved for the treatment of asthma. Several cases of eosinophilic conditions including Churg-Strauss syndrome have been reported to be associated with zafirlukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor antagonist. So far no other leukotriene modifier has been associated with the syndrome. The case history is presented of a man with allergic rhinitis and asthma who had received intermittent pulse therapy with oral corticosteroids. Pulmonary eosinophilia developed while he was receiving treatment with montelukast, a chemically distinct cysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor antagonist. After discontinuation of montelukast therapy and administration of systemic corticosteroids the patient's symptoms reversed rapidly and there was prompt resolution of the pulmonary infiltrates. We believe that cysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor antagonists are safe and effective drugs for most patients with asthma but caution is needed for those with more severe disease who require systemic corticosteroids, especially if they show characteristics of the atypical allergic diathesis seen in the prodromal phase of Churg-Strauss syndrome.

Non-immunological hydrops fetalis and intrapericardial teratoma: case report and review.

A large intrapericardial teratoma was found at necropsy in a 38-week stillborn fetus, in which prenatal diagnosis of hydrops fetalis and an echogenic cardiac mass had been made. Clinical and pathological data are reported. In utero intrapericardial teratomata lead to different outcomes depending on whether fetal hydrops is associated. When generalized fetal hydrops is not present, the outcome is good, even in cases with large pericardial effusions. When generalized fetal hydrops occurs, it often results in a poor outcome. In our literature review, we have found eight perinatal deaths in nine similar cases reported.