Regulation of p27 and Cdk2 Expression in Different Adipose Tissue Depots in Aging and Obesity.

Aging usually comes associated with increased visceral fat accumulation, reaching even an obesity state, and favoring its associated comorbidities. One of the processes involved in aging is cellular senescence, which is highly dependent on the activity of the regulators of the cell cycle. The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in the expression of p27 and cdk2 in different adipose tissue depots during aging, as well as their regulation by obesity in mice. Changes in the expression of p27 and CDK2 in visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) biopsies were also analyzed in a human cohort of obesity and type 2 diabetes. p27, but not cdk2, exhibits a lower expression in subcutaneous than in visceral WAT in mice and humans. p27 is drastically downregulated by aging in subcutaneous WAT (scWAT), but not in gonadal WAT, of female mice. Obesity upregulates p27 and cdk2 expression in scWAT, but not in other fat depots of aged mice. In humans, a significant upregulation of p27 was observed in visceral WAT of subjects with obesity. Taken together, these results show a differential adipose depot-dependent regulation of p27 and cdk2 in aging and obesity, suggesting that p27 and cdk2 could contribute to the adipose-tissue depot's metabolic differences. Further studies are necessary to fully corroborate this hypothesis.

The influence of storage method on the transparency of pig crystalline lens / A influência do método de armazenamento na transparência do cristalino de porco

ABSTRACT Purpose: The porcine eye is frequently used as a research model. This paper analyzes the effect of different storage methods on the transparency of pig crystalline lens. Methods: A spectral transmission curve (from 220 to 780 nm) for the crystalline lens was determined experimentally after storage in different conditions: saline solution, formalin, castor oil, and freezing at -80°C. The total transmission in the visible spectrum, which was used as an index of transparency, was calculated from these curves. For comparative purposes, fresh lenses were evaluated and used as controls. Results: Storing the porcine crystalline lens in saline solution or castor oil resulted in a transparency loss of approximately 10% after 24 h and storage in formalin resulted in a loss of nearly 30%. Storage by freezing at -80°C for 4 weeks maintained the transparency of the crystalline lens; the spectral transmission measured immediately after defrosting at room temperature coincided exactly with that of the freshly extracted lens. Conclusions: The transparency of porcine crystalline lens is affected by the storage method. The visible spectrum is the most affected, evidenced by the effect on the transparency and consequently the amount of light transmitted. The results show that freezing at -80°C maintains the transpa rency of the crystalline lens for at least 4 weeks.

RESUMO Objetivos: Olho de porco é frequentemente usa do como modelos de pesquisa. Este estudo analisa o efeito de di ferentes métodos de armazenamento na preservação da transparência do cristalino de porco. Métodos: Uma curva de transmissão espectral (de 220 até 780 nm) para o cristalino foi experimentalmente determinada após armazenamento em diferentes condições: solução salina, formol, óleo de mamona e congelamento a -80°C. Transmissão total do espectro visível, que foi usada como um índice de transparência foi calculada a partir dessas curvas. Para fins comparativos, lentes frescas foram avaliadas e usadas como controles. Resultados: O armazenamento do cristalino suíno em solução salina ou óleo de mamona resultou uma perda de transparência de aproximadamente 10% após 24 h e o armazenamento em formol resultou uma perda de quase 30%. O armazenamento por congelamento a -80°C durante 4 semanas manteve a transparência do cristalino; a transmissão espectral medida imediatamente após o descongelamen to à temperatura ambiente coincidiu exatamente com a da lente extraída recentemente. Conclusão: A transparência do cristalino suíno é afetada pelo método de armazenamento. O espectro visível é o mais afetado, evidenciado pelo efeito sobre a transparência e consequentemente a quantidade de luz transmitida. Os resultados mostram que o congelamento a -80°C mantém a transparência do cristalino suíno por pelo menos 4 semanas.

The influence of storage method on the transparency of pig crystalline lens.

PURPOSE: The porcine eye is frequently used as a research model. This paper analyzes the effect of different storage methods on the transparency of pig crystalline lens. METHODS: A spectral transmission curve (from 220 to 780 nm) for the crystalline lens was determined experimentally after storage in different conditions: saline solution, formalin, castor oil, and freezing at -80°C. The total transmission in the visible spectrum, which was used as an index of transparency, was calculated from these curves. For comparative purposes, fresh lenses were evaluated and used as controls. RESULTS: Storing the porcine crystalline lens in saline solution or castor oil resulted in a transparency loss of approximately 10% after 24 h and storage in formalin resulted in a loss of nearly 30%. Storage by freezing at -80°C for 4 weeks maintained the transparency of the crystalline lens; the spectral transmission measured immediately after defrosting at room temperature coincided exactly with that of the freshly extracted lens. CONCLUSIONS: The transparency of porcine crystalline lens is affected by the storage method. The visible spectrum is the most affected, evidenced by the effect on the transparency and consequently the amount of light transmitted. The results show that freezing at -80°C maintains the transpa rency of the crystalline lens for at least 4 weeks.

Intra-ocular lens optical changes resulting from the loading of dexamethasone.

To study the optical changes on hydrogel-silicone intraocular lenses (IOLs) resulting from loading them with dexamethasone. We used prototype hydrogel(pHEMA)-silicone IOLs and loaded the matrices with an anti-inflammatory drug (dexamethasone). The optical properties we analyzed experimentally were a) modulation transfer function (MTF); b) spectral transmission; c) diopter power. These determinations were performed on drug-loaded IOLs, IOLs that had released the drug, and IOLs that had not been drug-loaded. Loading a hydrogel-silicone IOL with dexamethasone results in impairment of its optical qualities, in particular its MTF and spectral transmission, but not dioptric power. However, once the drug has been released, it almost recovers its initial optical properties.

Foreign Bodies on Lateral Neck Radiographs in Adults: Imaging Findings and Common Pitfalls.

Foreign-body (FB) ingestion is less common in adults than in children, but still occurs. Diagnostic management of patients with suspected FB ingestion in emergency departments depends on FB type and location, both of which are related to the patient profile. In adults, fish and chicken bones are the most common FB types, and the oropharynx and cricopharyngeal muscle are the most common locations. Once accidentally swallowed, an FB may become lodged in the oropharynx, and in such cases indirect or fiberoptic laryngoscopy is the first clinical management option. For FBs that have passed beyond this location, radiologic study is recommended, including anteroposterior and lateral neck radiographs (LNRs) using the soft-tissue technique. This is a quick and simple imaging method that in emergency departments achieves detection rates of 70%-80% in assessing FBs in the hypopharynx and upper cervical esophagus. Careful initial evaluation using LNRs can determine the presence and nature of an FB, which helps with predicting the location and risk assessment, making further imaging-including computed tomography-unnecessary. Prevertebral soft-tissue swelling is a nonspecific indirect sign, which in the appropriate clinical context raises suspicion of a radiolucent FB or related complications. LNRs can sometimes be difficult to interpret due to the presence of multiple overlapping soft-tissue structures and variable patterns of laryngeal cartilage calcification in adults. Adequate performance in interpreting LNRs along with familiarity with the full diagnostic process in these patients will enable radiologists to use the right imaging technique for the right patient, as described in the clinical algorithm proposed by the authors. ©RSNA, 2017.

Light transmission and ultraviolet protection of contact lenses under artificial illumination.

PURPOSE: To determine the spectral transmission of contact lenses (CLs), with and without an ultraviolet (UV) filter to evaluate their capacity for protection under UV radiation from artificial illumination (incandescent, fluorescent, xenon (Xe) lamps, or white LEDs (light-emitting diode)). METHODS: The transmission curves of nine soft CLs were obtained by using a PerkinElmer Lambda 35 UV-vis spectrophotometer. A CIE standard was used for the emission spectra of incandescent and fluorescent lamps, and Xe lamps and white LEDs were measured by using an International Light Technologies ILT-950 spectroradiometer. RESULTS: Five of the nine soft CLs analysed state that they incorporate UV filters, but the other four do not specify anything in this regard. The spectral transmission of all the CLs studied is excellent in the visible region. The CLs with UV filters filter out this radiation more or less effectively. Xe lamps emit a part in the UV region. Incandescent, fluorescent and white LEDs do not emit at all in the UV. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating UV filters is important when the illumination is from a Xe lamp since this light source emits in the UV region. This, however, does not occur with incandescent and fluorescent lamps or white LEDs. The CLs that do incorporate UV filters meet all the standard requirements that the U.S. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has for UV-blocking CLs Class II (OcularScience, CooperVision and Neolens), and AcuvueMoist and HydronActifresh400 even comply with the stricter Class I. The CLs without UV filters let UVA, UVB and even some UVC through.

Image quality comparison of two multifocal IOLs: influence of the pupil.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of pupil size on image quality of a sectorial multifocal intraocular lens (IOL), the Lentis Mplus (Oculentis GmbH, Berlin, Germany), and the Acri.LISA IOL (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). METHODS: The authors measured the MTFs of the Lentis Mplus LS-312 IOL and the Acri.LISA 366D IOL with three different sizes of pupil diameters: 3, 4, and 5 mm. The MTF was calculated from the cross-line spread function recorded with the OPAL Vector System (Image Science Ltd., Oxford, UK) by using fast Fourier-transform techniques. RESULTS: In distance focus, the image quality provided by the Lentis Mplus IOL was better than that of the Acri. LISA IOL with all pupil diameters. In near focus, the MTF of the Acri.LISA IOL was better with a 3-mm pupil, but poor with larger pupils. The aberration effect was equal in both IOLs in distance focus, but in near focus and with a 3-mm pupil, the Acri.LISA IOL was less affected by the aberration than the Lentis Mplus IOL. CONCLUSION: The Lentis Mplus IOL provides better distance image quality than the Acri.LISA IOL, whereas the near image quality of the Acri.LISA IOL is better with small-pupil diameter. The sectorial design makes this IOL more suitable for patients with a pupil diameter greater than 3 mm.

Prevalence of osteoporotic vertebral fracture in Spanish women over age 45.

The aim of this work is to study the prevalence of osteoporotic vertebral fractures in Spanish women over 45 years of age, based on the selection of a nationwide sample. An observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study was conducted during 2006, in all of Spain's regions. The sample analyzed was of 5000 individuals, representative of the female population over age 45 in Spain. A questionnaire was used to determine which factors are most often associated with vertebral fractures. We also assessed whether the Prevalent Vertebral Fracture Index, proposed by Vogt, is useful in indicating a possible osteoporotic vertebral fracture. Five hundred orthopedic surgeons, from various Spanish regions, were trained in different aspects of the study: inclusion and exclusion criteria, management of the risk factor questionnaire, and implementation of the Vogt questionnaire. The number of fracture cases was 1549 (31.79%). 528 Women (34.08%) had a single vertebral fracture, and 1021 (65.92%) had multiple vertebral fractures. The following factors were statistically significantly associated with vertebral fracture: age, late menarche, early menopause, diabetes mellitus, hyperparathyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, height loss, daily physical activity, corticosteroid therapy, personal history of osteoporotic fracture and previous diagnosis of osteoporosis. The differences in Vogt score according to age and fracture status were statistically significant. The conclusion of the study is that vertebral osteoporotic fracture in the female Spanish population is frequent. The high prevalence in the Spanish population older than 60 years is probably related to malnutrition in the period from 1936 to 1952.

Determination of scattering in intraocular lenses by spectrophotometric measurements.

This study presents a method for measuring scattering in explanted intraocular lenses (IOLs). Currently, determining scattering in IOLs is usually performed by Scheimpflug cameras and the results are expressed in the units used by this apparatus. The method we propose uses a spectrophotometer and this makes it possible to measure the total transmission of the IOL by using an integrating sphere; the direct transmission is determined by the double-beam mode. The difference between these two transmissions gives a value of the scattering in percentage values of light lost. In addition, by obtaining the spectral transmission curve, information about the most scattered wavelengths is also obtained. The IOL power introduces errors when directly measured, particularly with high powers. This problem can be overcome if a tailor-made cuvette is used that shortens the distance between the IOL and the condensing lens of the spectrophotometer when the IOL powers are below 24 diopters. We checked the effectiveness of this method by measuring the scattering of three explanted IOLs from cornea donors. This method, however, does not make it possible to ascertain whether the scattering measured is caused by surface light scattering or internal light scattering.

Multidetector CT angiography for acute gastrointestinal bleeding: technique and findings.

Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is a common reason for emergency department admissions and an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Factors that complicate its clinical management include patient debility due to comorbidities; intermittence of hemorrhage; and multiple sites of simultaneous bleeding. Its management, therefore, must be multidisciplinary and include emergency physicians, gastroenterologists, and surgeons, as well as radiologists for diagnostic imaging and interventional therapy. Upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding is usually managed endoscopically, with radiologic intervention reserved as an alternative to be used if endoscopic therapy fails. Endoscopy is often less successful in the management of acute lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding, where colonoscopy may be more effective. The merits of performing bowel cleansing before colonoscopy in such cases might be offset by the resultant increase in response time and should be weighed carefully against the deficits in visualization and diagnostic accuracy that would result from performing colonoscopy without bowel preparation. In recent years, multidetector computed tomographic (CT) angiography has gained acceptance as a first-line option for the diagnosis and management of lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding. In selected cases of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding, CT angiography also provides accurate information about the presence or absence of active bleeding, its source, and its cause. This information helps shorten the total diagnostic time and minimizes or eliminates the need for more expensive and more invasive procedures.

Spectral transmission of the human crystalline lens in adult and elderly persons: color and total transmission of visible light.

PURPOSE: To experimentally measure the spectral transmission of human crystalline lenses belonging to adult and elderly persons, and to determine the color and total transmission of visible light of such crystalline lenses. METHODS: The spectral transmission curve of 32 human crystalline lenses was measured using a PerkinElmer 800UV/VIS spectrometer. Total transmission of visible light and the chromatic coordinates of these crystalline lenses were determined from these curves for solar illumination. RESULTS: The crystalline lens that filters UV and its transmission in the visible spectrum decreases with age; such a decrease is greater for short wavelengths. The total transmission of visible light decreases, especially after the age of 70 years, and the crystalline color becomes yellower and saturated. CONCLUSIONS: The great variability existing in the spectral transmission of the human crystalline lens is lesser between the ages of 40 and 59 years, but greater from the age of 60 and older. The decrement in transmittance between these two age groups varies from 40% for 420 nm to 18% for 580 nm. Nevertheless, it is proven that age is not the only parameter affecting crystalline transmission. In the range of 40 to 59 years, age does not bear an influence on total transmission of light, but from 60 years and older it does. Moreover, the light transmitted decreases with age. This total transmission of light is similar to or lower than the amount that the different intraocular lenses transmit, even with a yellow or orange filter. The color of the human lens becomes yellowish and saturated with age.

Modulation transfer function of a toric intraocular lens: evaluation of the changes produced by rotation and tilt.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes in optical quality when toric intraocular lenses (IOL) are rotated or tilted and to demonstrate that IOL rotation produces an increasing effect of aberrations. METHODS: Modulation transfer function (MTF) and average modulation were used to analyze the image quality of a toric IOL. The axis of the toric IOL was rotated 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, and 30° in successive MTF measurements. The tilt values were 0° to 5°, in increments of 1°, plus a tilt of 15°. Pupil diameters of 3 and 5 mm were used. RESULTS: The MTF decay due to aberrations was more sensitive to rotation than tilt. The main decrement in the average modulation, of approximately 50% in both pupils, occurs when the IOL rotates from 0° to 5°. Between 0° and 1° tilt, the average modulation decreases approximately 25% for both pupils; with tilt >1°, the average modulation remains virtually unchanged. The points representing average modulation versus rotation angle are satisfactorily fitted by an exponential function, R=0.98. Average modulation versus tilt angle provides lower correlation degrees, R=0.91 and R=0.79, for 3- and 5-mm pupils, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The MTF of the toric IOL decays with rotation and tilt, with greater decrement occurring in rotation from 0° to 5°. An asymptotic value exists in the average modulation decay, meaning that for angles higher than 15°, the average modulation of the toric IOL remains virtually constant.

Acute lower intestinal bleeding: feasibility and diagnostic performance of CT angiography.

PURPOSE: To assess the diagnostic performance of computed tomographic (CT) angiography as the initial diagnostic examination for patients presenting to the emergency room with acute lower intestinal bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from each patient or their closest relative when the clinical condition precluded consent by the patient. This prospective study comprised 47 patients (27 men, 20 women; mean age, 68 years) with acute lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding who were referred to undergo emergency colonoscopy for evaluation. CT angiography was performed in all patients shortly after arrival to the emergency room. Findings identified at CT angiography included active extravasation (ongoing hemorrhage) or hyperattenuating intraluminal contents on noncontrast material-enhanced images (recent hemorrhage). Presence and location of bleeding and likely cause of hemorrhage were determined and compared with the standard of reference (angiography, colonoscopy, or surgical findings). Data collected were analyzed with a statistical software package. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of CT angiography in depicting ongoing or recent hemorrhage were calculated and compared with those of standard of reference. RESULTS: CT angiography demonstrated active bleeding in 14 patients and intraluminal hyperattenuating material in six patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of CT angiography in depicting active or recent bleeding were 100% (19 of 19), 96% (27 of 28), 95% (19 of 20), and 100% (27 of 27), respectively. Findings of CT angiography and the standard of reference were concordant for determining definite or potential cause of bleeding in 44 of 47 patients (93% accuracy). CONCLUSION: CT angiography performed in the emergency setting in patients with acute lower intestinal bleeding is feasible and correctly depicts the presence and location of active or recent hemorrhage, as well as the potential cause, in the majority of patients.

Residual astigmatism produced by toric intraocular lens rotation.

PURPOSE: To analyze changes in the eye's refractive properties when a toric intraocular lens (IOL) rotates. SETTING: Fundación Oftalmológica del Mediterráneo, Valencia, Spain. DESIGN: Experimental study. METHODS: The matrix definition of astigmatism was used in this theoretical study and compared with another vector representation. Two methods were compared: (1) The cylinder, C, resulting from the addition of 2 cylinders C(1) and C(2) whose axes form an angle a, is obtained by the addition of 2 vectors of values C(1) and C(2) forming an angle 2a; (2) the power matrix, F, of a thin astigmatic dioptric system that decomposes naturally into 3 orthogonal components: the purely spherical part F(nes,) the ortho-astigmatism F(or), and oblique astigmatism F(ob). RESULTS: The residual cylinder was one third of the corneal astigmatism when a toric IOL rotated ±10 degrees when the cylinder values for the cornea (C(1)) and IOL (C(2)) were equal. Nevertheless, in most cases C(1) is greater than C(2); therefore, the residual astigmatism did not change noticeably with small rotations. The angle of rotation, b, which annuls the astigmatism correction, could be obtained from the following: cos(π + 2b) = -r/2, with r being the ratio between the IOL and cornea cylinders. CONCLUSIONS: The 2 methods gave equivalent results. When the IOL cylinder had a value different from that of the corneal astigmatism, a better choice would be a lower, rather than higher, cylinder value to reduce residual astigmatism. In general, toric IOL rotations less than 10 degrees changed the eye's refraction less than 0.50 diopter. Thus, small axis rotations are not an obstacle for satisfactory astigmatism correction with toric IOLs. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Lens opacities in Valencia, Spain.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the most common lens opacities in Valencia (Spain), analyzed by gender, grade, and type of cataracts. The results are compared with other studies performed at other geographical latitudes and on different races. METHODS: A total of 1951 eyes of patients diagnosed with cataracts, aged between 30 and 96 years, were evaluated in accordance with age, gender, type and degree of the cataract, bilaterality, and symmetry of this disease. Lens Opacities Classification System III was used to classify the cataract and the degree was graded as mild or moderate to advanced. RESULTS: The most common type of cataract is corticonuclear in the elderly and subcapsular in younger subjects. The most common are nuclear (28.4%) followed by cortical (6.2%), if combined cataracts are ruled out. There is a greater incidence of cortical cataracts in women (70%) and subcapsular cataracts in men (70%). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the existence of a gender factor in cataract formation and coincide with those obtained in similar studies performed in areas at a similar latitude (40º N) and with different race population. The geographical location (intensity and length of exposure to solar radiation) seems to be a determining factor in the formation of a specific type of cataract, more than race, although there are other factors that contribute in the formation of a specific type of cataract.

A simple description of age-related changes in crystalline lens thickness.

PURPOSE: An increase in lens thickness is often described as a linear function of age. However, contradictory opinions exist about whether the lens thickness continues to increase after 50 years of age. Differences in slope exist between this increase in younger and older people, but these findings are inconsistent with the linear behavior of an increase in the lens thickness throughout life. We investigated among different functions, including slope variation, which would be the best to show the relation between lens thickness and age. An available model portraying lens growth could be advantageous in many practical applications. The possibility of differences between sexes in lens thickness growth is also analyzed. METHODS: We evaluated 102 eyes of patients aged between 15 and 84 years: 41 men, 61 women. The biometric measurements were performed with the aid of the OcuScan® (Alcon, USA). RESULTS: Both logarithmic and potential functions provide a good fit for the data (R2 = 0.905 and 0.906, respectively). The results do not show significant differences between men and women in any age range, nor when the data of the whole sample are considered (p = 0.29). CONCLUSIONS: The best fits for the data are both logarithmic and double logarithmic functions. According to this model, lens growth continues throughout life, but after 50 years, age-related thickness variations are lower than statistical variability. No differences were found between the sexes.

Spectral transmittance of intraocular lenses under natural and artificial illumination: criteria analysis for choosing a suitable filter.

PURPOSE: To compare the spectral transmission of different intraocular lenses (IOLs) with either ultraviolet (UV) or blue-light filters, and to analyze the performance of these filters with artificial light sources as well as sunlight. DESIGN: Experimental study. METHODS: The spectral transmission curve of 10 IOLs was measured using a PerkinElmer Lambda 800 UV/VIS spectrometer (Waltham, MA). Different filtering simulations were performed using the D65 standard illuminant as daylight and standard incandescent lamp and fluorescent bulb illuminants. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Spectral transmittance of the IOLs. RESULTS: All the IOLs studied provide good UVC (200-280 nm) and UVB (280-315 nm) protection, except for one that presented an appreciable window at 270 nm. Nevertheless, both natural and artificial sources have practically no emission under 300 nm. In the UVA (315-380 nm) range the curves of the different IOLs manifested different degrees of absorption. CONCLUSIONS: Not all the UV filters incorporated in different IOLs protect equally. The filters that provide greater photoprotection against UV radiation, even blue light, are yellow and orange. Then, yellow and orange IOL filters may be best suited for cases requiring special retinal protection. The filters that favor better photoreception of visible light (380-780 nm) are those that transmit this radiation close to 100%. Artificial illumination practically does not emit in the UV range, but its levels of illumination are very low when compared with solar light. A possible balance between photoprotection and photoreception could be a sharp cutoff filter with the cutoff wavelength near 400 nm and a maximum transmittance around 100%.

Correlation between optics quality of multifocal intraocular lenses and visual acuity: tolerance to modulation transfer function decay.

PURPOSE: To study the relationship between the optics quality of multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) and distance-corrected near, intermediate, and distance visual acuity to determine the degree to which optics quality must change to produce a significant difference in visual acuity. SETTING: Fundación Oftalmológica del Mediterráneo, Valencia, Spain. METHODS: Monocular distance-corrected visual acuity (decimal and logMAR) was measured at 4 m, 70 cm, and 30 cm under photopic and mesopic conditions in eyes with 1 of 3 multifocal IOL models. Visual acuity versus the "average modulation" of the IOL was assessed. RESULTS: The pupil diameter and patient age were similar between the 3 IOL groups (20 eyes each). A difference in average modulation (ie, optics quality) up to 15% did not produce significant differences in mean visual acuity between 2 groups; however, there was a significant difference in mean visual acuity between 2 groups when the average modulation values differed by at least 25%. The slope of the linear correlation between visual acuity and average modulation was 0.018 (r(2) = 0.91) under photopic conditions and 0.024 (r(2) = 0.089) under mesopic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: There was a strong linear correlation between IOL optics quality and visual acuity with distance correction under photopic conditions with a pupil of approximately 3.5 mm in a cohort in which the patient age was controlled. The correlation was similar under mesopic conditions. The eye's tolerance to modulation transfer function decay was approximately 15% of the average modulation value.

Infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1: errores irreversibles que no deberíamos volver a cometer / HIV infection. Irreversible mistakes not to be repeated

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