ABSTRACT
Salicylamide, sodium salicylate and acetylsalicylic acid are salicylic acid derivates. They differ in their substitution on the benzene ring and may have different effects on membranes. Red blood cells were used as a prototypical cellular system regarding drug mediated plasma bilayer effects. Established photometric methods sensing tiny changes of red blood cell morphology at rest (red blood cell shape) and at very low shear forces (red blood cell stiffness, red blood cell relaxation time) were applied. The derivative induced effects were detected in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Salicylamide induced a most pronounced echinocytic shape at 5 mM. The shape effect was smaller above as well as below 5 mM. Sodium salicylate induced echinocytes with increasing concentrations showing a saturation above 10 mM. In contrast, the shape was not affected by acetylsalicylic acid. All shape changes occurred within 2 min, and were reversible. The above tendencies were in parallel to a slight red blood cell stiffening. The relaxation time continuously increased with increasing concentrations in both salicylamide and sodium salicylate, with salicylamide always acting stronger. Acetylsalicylic acid again showed no effect. We hypothesize that the observed effects of sodium salicylate and salicylamide are due to their phenolic character mediating a molecular hydrophobicity. According to the bilayer couple hypothesis this would lead to an insertion into the red blood cells outer plasma bilayer leaflet. The extension induced here would cause a positive membrane bending leading to echinocytic shapes and the observed loss of red blood cell fluidity. In contrast, the hydrophilic aspirin would penetrate and thus not affect the red blood cell plasma membrane.
Subject(s)
Aspirin/pharmacology , Cell Membrane/drug effects , Erythrocyte Membrane/drug effects , Salicylamides/pharmacology , Sodium Salicylate/pharmacology , Cell Size/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Photometry , Salicylates/pharmacology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
It was tried to find out how many radiographs are necessary to show instabilities of the ankle-joint with ruptures of the ligamentum talofibulare anterius alone (which is the most common ligamentous lesion) and in combination with other fibular ligaments. Therefore stress views of anatomical speciems of ankle-joints with previous artifically coused lesions were done. It was found that one lateral view with the talus stressed in subluxation and one a.p. view with stressed pes equinus and supination with slight internal rotation of the foot are enough in comparison with the other side. The mostly used plastic reconstructions of old fibular ligament teares by Watson-Jones and Evans act as a tenodesis for the subtalar joint, because the natural anatomical position of the ligamentum calcaneofibulare, which should be replaced, is not respected. We looked for the best positioning of a graft as a replacement of the ligamentum calcaneofibulare by help of a string model in anatomical speciems. Only the straight graft of this ligament gives the best chance of free mobility in the subtalar joint. Other directions of this ligamentous graft lead either to a tenodesis or to an outwear of the graft without a stabilizing effect. Postoperative examinations of nine patients with ligamentous grafts stress this point.
Subject(s)
Ankle Joint , Joint Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Chronic Disease , Humans , Joint Diseases/surgery , Ligaments, Articular/surgery , Methods , Models, Biological , RadiographyABSTRACT
This paper presents a follow-up of patients with Kienböck's disease up to 30 years after their first symptoms. Only the shortening of the radius and the grafting of the lunate with cancellous bone offers some kind of basic therapy. The intercarpal arthrodesis, the arthrodesis of the wrist and the operation named after Steinhäuser should only be considered in cases with severe deformation and disabling pain.
Subject(s)
Osteochondritis/surgery , Adult , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/etiology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Lunate Bone/surgery , Male , Middle Aged , Osteochondritis/diagnostic imaging , Osteochondritis/etiology , Osteosclerosis , Osteotomy/adverse effects , Radiography , Radius/surgeryABSTRACT
Among old injuries involving the cruciate ligaments elongation of the anterior cruciate ligament is found in 20%. Follow-up examinations revealed that the purse-string suture technique does not guarantee permanent tightness of the anterior cruciate ligament. In consideration of the unsatisfactory results obtained by the purse-string suture technique it is suggested to effect tightness of the anterior cruciate ligament by the transfer of its distal insertion. The technique is described.
Subject(s)
Knee Injuries/surgery , Knee Joint/surgery , Ligaments, Articular/surgery , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Ligaments, Articular/injuries , Orthopedics/methods , Suture TechniquesABSTRACT
Due to mass participation in certain sports combination injuries of the knee joint have greatly increased in number. To a certain extend injuries of the cruciate ligaments are typical. According to our own follow-up studies the immidiate suture of the ligaments leads to better results than late reconstructions which emphasises the early diagnosis of an injury to the cruciate ligaments. Old and new injuries to these ligaments present diagnostic problems. Therefore the mechanism of injury, the symptomatology, and both clinical and radiological possibilities for the diagnosis of damage to the cruciate ligaments are demonstrated.
