ABSTRACT
Background Cervical carcinoma is one of the most prevalent cancers affecting women worldwide. Studies on Ki-67 expression in cervical lesions had focused mainly on the intraepithelial lesions of the cervix and not much on invasive carcinomas. The few studies published so far on Ki-67 expression in invasive cervical carcinomas have shown inconsistent results on the association of Ki-67 with various clinicopathological prognostic factors. Aims and objectives To assess Ki-67 expression in cervical carcinomas and to compare it with various clinicopathological prognostic factors. Materials and methods Fifty cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were included in the study. Histological patterns and grades were identified and noted in these cases after microscopic examination of the histological sections. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with anti-Ki-67 was done and scored from 1+ to 3+. This score was compared with clinicopathological prognostic factors like clinical stage, histological pattern, and grade. Result Among the 50 cases of SCC, 41 showed keratinizing pattern (82%) and nine showed non-keratinizing pattern (18%). Four were in stage I, 25 were in stage II, and 21 were in stage III. Overall, 34 (68%) cases had Ki-67 score 3+, 11 (22%) had Ki-67 score 2+, and five (10%) had Ki-67 score 1+. Ki-67 score of 3+ was the most common score in keratinizing SCC (75.6%), poorly differentiated carcinomas (76.2%), and stage III cases (81%). Conclusion We observed statistically significant correlation of Ki-67 expression with higher clinical stage, keratinizing tumours, and poorly differentiated tumours (p<0.05) indirectly implying the poor prognostic significance of this marker.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Anaemia has a high prevalence having great impact worldwide and potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases. Approximately 1/3rd of patients with anaemia have iron deficiency. American Diabetes Association (ADA) has affirmed Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1C) ≥ 6.5% as a diagnostic criterion for Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Variation of HbA1C in Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) has clashing results. AIM: To decide the impact of IDA on HbA1C levels among non diabetics. To assess and analyse the variation of HbA1C according to the degree of anaemia (mild, moderate and severe). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out in SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu from February 2016 to October 2016 and approved by our Institutional Ethical Committee. Totally 150 non diabetics (75 with IDA and 75 without IDA) were included in this study. Medical history was recorded and HbA1C, Haemoglobin (Hb), Haematocrit (Hct), red cell indices, serum iron, ferritin and Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) were tested. RESULTS: The IDA patients in this study had a mean HbA1C (6.84±0.07%) which was higher than the non anaemic group (5.12±0.04%) and this difference was statistically significant (p< 0.05). HbA1C level was increased when severity of anaemia worsened. Also, noteworthy statistical significance was observed between no anaemia, mild, moderate and severe anaemia (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: In this study, we observed a positive correlation between IDA and elevated HbA1C level in non-diabetic population.
