Cryopreservation of mammalian cells using protic ionic liquid solutions.

Cryopreservation has facilitated considerable advances in both medical technology and scientific research. However, further developments have been limited by the relatively low number of effective cryoprotective agents. Even after fifty years of research, most protocols rely on the same two toxic agents, i.e. dimethylsulfoxide or glycerol. Ionic liquids are a class of promising solvents which are known glass formers and may offer a less-toxic alternative. The research presented here investigates ten protic ionic liquids as potential cryoprotective agents. The liquids are screened for key properties including cellular toxicity, permeability and thermal behaviour. The most promising, ethylammonium acetate, was then tested as a cryoprotective agent on a model cell line and was found to be as effective as the common cryoprotectant, dimethylsulfoxide. This work reports the first use of a protic ionic liquid as an effective cryoprotective agent for a mammalian cell line. This will inform the development of a suite of potential new ionic liquid-based cryoprotectants that could potentially allow the cryopreservation of new cell types.

FTIR Spectroscopic Study of the Secondary Structure of Globular Proteins in Aqueous Protic Ionic Liquids.

Protein misfolding is a detrimental effect which can lead to the inactivation of enzymes, aggregation, and the formation of insoluble protein fibrils called Amyloids. Consequently, it is important to understand the mechanism of protein folding, and under which conditions it can be avoided or mitigated. Ionic liquids (ILs) have previously been shown as capable of increasing or decreasing protein stability, depending on the specific IL, IL concentration and which protein. However, a greater range of IL-proteins need to be systematically explored to enable the development of structure-property relationships. In this work, the secondary structure of four proteins, lysozyme, trypsin, ß-lactoglobulin and α-amylase, were studied in aqueous solutions of 10 protic ionic liquids (PILs) with 0-50 mol% PIL present. The PILs consisted of ethyl-, ethanol-, diethanol- and triethanolammonium cations paired with nitrate, formate, acetate or glycolate anions. The secondary structure was obtained using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that lysozyme and trypsin retained its secondary structure, consistent with a native folded state, for many of the aqueous IL solutions which contained a formate or nitrate anion at the most dilute concentrations. In contrast, α-amylase and ß-lactoglobulin generally had poor stability and solubility in the IL solutions. This may be due to the isoelectric point of α-amylase and ß-lactoglobulin being closer to the pH of the solvents. All four proteins were insoluble in ethyl-, ethanol- and diethanolammonium acetate, though α-amylase and trypsin retained their secondary structure in up to 20 and 30 mol% of triethanolammonium acetate, respectively. It was evident that the protein stability varied substantially depending on the protein-IL combination, and the IL concentration in water. Overall, the findings indicated that some ions and some ILs were in general better for protein solubility and stability than others, such as acetate leading to poor solubility, and EAN and EAF generally leading to better protein stability than the other PILs. This study of four proteins in 10 aqueous PILs clearly showed that there are many complexities in their interactions and no clear general trend, despite the similarities between the PIL structures. This highlights the need for more and larger studies to enable the selection and optimization of PIL solvents used with biomolecules.