ABSTRACT
In paper reviewed own and numerous literary data about of universal modulated and limited influences of melatonin, which produced by pineal gland and peripheral tissues cells, on any pathological processes in the cerebral brain and internal organs. Cellular and systemic mechanisms of its protective and modulated properties were observed.
Subject(s)
Brain Diseases/metabolism , Melatonin/metabolism , Animals , Brain Diseases/pathology , HumansABSTRACT
Some autoimmune and allergic diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, etc.) are accompanied with disturbances of the natural production of hormone melatonin by pineal gland and peripheral tissues. The administration of melatonin to animals and humans with such pathologies demonstrated showed a protective effect. It is proposed to carry out additional investigations of the possibility of using melatonin for the treatment of autoimmune disorders, after which it can be introduced into clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Autoimmune Diseases , Hypersensitivity , Melatonin , Animals , Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy , Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism , Humans , Hypersensitivity/drug therapy , Hypersensitivity/metabolism , Melatonin/metabolism , Melatonin/therapeutic use , Pineal Gland/metabolismABSTRACT
Pineal hormone melatonin shows therapeutic properties against various kinds of cardiovascular disturbances. The reviewed data show that an important role in the protective effects of melatonin is played by limitation of the renin-angiotensin system activity.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Melatonin/metabolism , Renin-Angiotensin System , Animals , Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology , HumansABSTRACT
Melatonin, a hormone produced by pineal gland and peripheral tissue cells, controls bone metabolism and is involved in various kinds of the bone pathology through specific receptors. Modern experimental data about its osteogenic activity allow melatonin to be considered as potential drug for treating bone diseases.
Subject(s)
Aging/metabolism , Fractures, Bone/drug therapy , Melatonin , Osteoarthritis/drug therapy , Osteoporosis/prevention & control , Receptors, Melatonin/genetics , Animals , Bone and Bones/drug effects , Bone and Bones/metabolism , Bone and Bones/pathology , Fractures, Bone/genetics , Fractures, Bone/metabolism , Fractures, Bone/pathology , Gene Expression Regulation , Humans , Melatonin/metabolism , Melatonin/therapeutic use , Osteoarthritis/genetics , Osteoarthritis/metabolism , Osteoarthritis/pathology , Osteoporosis/genetics , Osteoporosis/metabolism , Osteoporosis/pathology , Pineal Gland/metabolism , Receptors, Melatonin/metabolism , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Chronic stress produces some morphological changes in rats, including thymus weight reduction, adrenal hypertrophy, and peptic ulcers in stomach. Repeated administration of phytoadaptogenic drugs (ginseng and bilobil) decreased these stress-induced disorders. The antistressor activity of drugs was attenuated upon by removal of the pineal gland. Histochemical and morphometric investigation of pineal tissues in stressed animals showed that that the pharmacological effect was accompanied by increasing functional activity of the pineal gland. It is suggested that pineal mobilization may participate in antistressor activity of phytoadaptogenic drugs.
Subject(s)
Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology , Ginkgo biloba/chemistry , Panax/chemistry , Pineal Gland/metabolism , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Stomach Ulcer/drug therapy , Adrenal Glands/drug effects , Adrenal Glands/metabolism , Adrenal Glands/pathology , Animals , Anti-Anxiety Agents/isolation & purification , Electroshock , Glycogen/metabolism , Immobilization , Male , Melatonin/pharmacology , Organ Size/drug effects , Phytotherapy , Pineal Gland/drug effects , Pineal Gland/pathology , Pineal Gland/surgery , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , RNA/metabolism , Rats , Stomach Ulcer/metabolism , Stomach Ulcer/pathology , Stress, Physiological , Thymus Gland/drug effects , Thymus Gland/metabolism , Thymus Gland/pathologyABSTRACT
Adaptogenic agents of hormonal (melatonin) and plant origin (ginseng and bilobil) produce optimizing effect on circadian rhythm of locomotion and on the temporal dynamics of forced swimming in intact and false-operated rats. Melatonin exhibits the most expressed impact on behavior of animals. After the removal of the pineal gland, these effects of investigated drugs were significantly decreased. It is suggested that the pineal gland may take part in the chronotropic activity of adaptogenic drugs.
Subject(s)
Circadian Rhythm/drug effects , Melatonin/pharmacology , Pineal Gland/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Resorcinols/pharmacology , Animals , Animals, Outbred Strains , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Immobilization , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Light , Male , Panax/chemistry , Pineal Gland/physiology , Pineal Gland/surgery , Rats , SwimmingABSTRACT
Inflammatory arthritis is accompanied by disorganization of the circadian rhythm of locomotion in rats. Control saline injections increased the rhythm disturbances. Chronic administration of melatonin (5 mg/kg) attenuated these chronopathological shifts. Diclofenac demonstrated much lower positive chronopharmacological activity than did melatonin.
Subject(s)
Arthritis, Experimental/physiopathology , Circadian Rhythm/drug effects , Diclofenac/pharmacology , Melatonin/pharmacology , Motor Activity/drug effects , Animals , Animals, Outbred Strains , Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Formaldehyde , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Light , Male , Rats , Sodium Chloride/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland and peripheral cells, has very wide spectrum of the pharmacological activity and, as shown by experimental data, may provide universal protection of central nervous system and internal organs from damage. These protective properties of melatonin can be successfully used in therapy of many diseases. However, for some reasons, the use of melatonin in clinical practice is not well founded. In this paper, conditions for establishing therapeutic possibilities of melatonin are discussed, including its complex use with traditional drugs.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Depression/drug therapy , Gastrointestinal Diseases/drug therapy , Melatonin/therapeutic use , Neurodegenerative Diseases/drug therapy , Anti-Anxiety Agents/therapeutic use , Central Nervous System/drug effects , Circadian Rhythm/drug effects , Depression/physiopathology , Drug Administration Schedule , Drug Dosage Calculations , Drug Therapy, Combination , Gastrointestinal Diseases/physiopathology , Humans , Neurodegenerative Diseases/physiopathology , Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use , Pineal Gland/metabolismABSTRACT
Pineal hormone melatonin (1 and 5 mg/kg) and diclofenac (8 mg/kg) significantly limited hematologic indices of inflammation and immunologic reactivity in rats with experimental adjuvant arthritis. The effect of melatonin was more pronounced than that of diclofenac.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy , Diclofenac/pharmacology , Melatonin/pharmacology , Animals , Animals, Outbred Strains , Antigen-Antibody Complex/blood , Arthritis, Experimental/blood , Arthritis, Experimental/immunology , Arthritis, Experimental/pathology , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Leukocyte Count , Leukocytes/drug effects , Leukocytes/immunology , Leukocytes/pathology , Male , Rats , Rheumatoid Factor/bloodABSTRACT
Melatonin produced by pineal gland and some peripheral cells effect both spontaneous and induced aggregation of platelets. As a natural inhibitor of aggregation, melatonin limits hemostasis in night hours. A decrease in the plasma level of melatonin in early morning hours is probably responsible for cardiovascular disorders and may be recommended for use in pharmacotherapy.
Subject(s)
Blood Platelets/metabolism , Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Circadian Rhythm , Hemostasis , Melatonin/metabolism , Animals , HumansABSTRACT
A review of current data on the therapeutic potential of melatonin for the treatment of various somatic diseases is presented with reference to its biological role and mechanism of protective action. A number of factors and conditions need to be taken into consideration to ensure clinical efficacy of melatonin therapy.
Subject(s)
Melatonin/pharmacology , Melatonin/therapeutic use , Humans , Melatonin/chemistryABSTRACT
Melatonin, which is produced by pineal gland and peripheral tissue cells, has a very wide spectrum of pharmacological activity. Available experimental data show that melatonin can provide universal protection of central nervous system and internal organs from damages. These properties can be successfully used in therapy of many diseases. However, for some reasons, the pharmacological activity of melatonin is not properly founded in clinical practice. Conditions for the discovery of therapeutic possibilities of melatonin are discussed, including prospects for its complex use in combination with traditional drugs.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Drug Synergism , Melatonin/pharmacology , Neurodegenerative Diseases/drug therapy , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Sleep Wake Disorders/drug therapy , Animals , Circadian Rhythm/drug effects , Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Drug Administration Schedule , Humans , Neurodegenerative Diseases/physiopathology , Pineal Gland/metabolism , Pineal Gland/physiology , Sleep Wake Disorders/physiopathologyABSTRACT
The summary of anti-inflammatory properties, cellular and systemic mechanisms of action of epiphyseal melatonin is presented. Dual effect of interaction between melatonin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents is discussed with reference to enhancement of their specific activity and prevention of side effects.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Drug Synergism , Inflammation/drug therapy , Melatonin/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects , Humans , Melatonin/adverse effectsABSTRACT
The pineal hormone melatonin (0.1 mg/kg) differently changed the behavioral shifts induced by piracetam, bilobil, and ginseng in the open-field and elevated plus-maze tests in rats. Melatonin more effectively optimized memory in the model of passive avoidance conditioned reflex. It is suggested that the observed enhancement of the specific activity of nootropic drugs is related to the melatonin-induced changes in the hippocampal activity.
Subject(s)
Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Cognition/drug effects , Melatonin/pharmacology , Nootropic Agents/pharmacology , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Avoidance Learning/drug effects , Avoidance Learning/physiology , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Cognition/physiology , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Male , Maze Learning/drug effects , Maze Learning/physiology , Panax/chemistry , Piracetam/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Rats , Resorcinols/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Effects of the pineal hormone melatonin (melaxen, 1.5 mg, 2 weeks) on a complex of psychophysiological indices have been studied on a group of healthy human volunteers in comparison to placebo. The drug improved the concentration of attention, improved its stability in the presence of visual hindrances, and increased the critical frequency of merging light flashes. The administration of melatonin also significantly increased the transient memory volume and reduced the levels of depression and anxiety. Shifts in the psychoemotional state were more pronounced than changes in the cognitive functions.
Subject(s)
Central Nervous System Depressants/administration & dosage , Melatonin/administration & dosage , Memory/drug effects , Visual Perception/drug effects , Adult , Anxiety/drug therapy , Anxiety/physiopathology , Depression/drug therapy , Depression/physiopathology , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
Pineal hormone melatonin is an universal chronobiotic with adaptogenic propertied which showed stabilized action on pathologically changed fluctuations of any physiological functions, protects a brain and an internal peripheral tissues from emotional and oxidant stress. It also produced hypnotic and anxiolytic effects, normalised function of cadriovascular system and immunological reactions. These properties can be used for treatment of various psychosomatic diseases.
Subject(s)
Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Melatonin/metabolism , Pineal Gland , Stress, Physiological , Adaptation, Physiological , Emotions/physiology , Humans , Melatonin/physiology , Pineal Gland/metabolism , Pineal Gland/physiologyABSTRACT
Melatonin, the main hormone of the pineal gland, possesses analgesic properties, which were observed on various experimental models of pain and in the clinical practice. Such hormonal activity may be based on complex systemic and cellular mechanisms. Taking into account low toxicity of melatonin and its ability to enhance the effect of traditional analgesic agents, it is expedient to undertake broad investigation and testing of the potential of this hormonal preparation under clinical conditions.
Subject(s)
Analgesics/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Hyperalgesia/drug therapy , Melatonin/pharmacology , Pain/drug therapy , Analgesics/metabolism , Animals , Antioxidants/metabolism , Humans , Hyperalgesia/metabolism , Melatonin/metabolism , Mice , Pain/metabolism , Pineal Gland/metabolism , RatsABSTRACT
Melatonin produced by the pineal gland and apudocytes of gastro-intestinal tract has high universal therapeutic potential for the treatment of various diseases of oral cavity. These properties can be used in clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Melatonin/therapeutic use , Mouth Diseases/drug therapy , Mouth/drug effects , Animals , Chromaffin Cells/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism , Humans , Melatonin/administration & dosage , Melatonin/biosynthesis , Mouth/pathology , Mouth Diseases/pathology , Pineal Gland/metabolismABSTRACT
Natural hormone melatonin, which is produced by pineal gland and apudocytes of peripheral tissues, has unique and universal protective features against various cerebral and somatic diseases. Melatonin effects may be based on many factors. On the cellular level, the main role in the therapeutic properties of melatonin is played by the antioxidant activity. Much evidence for this hypothesis is presented and reviewed.
