Novel natural product-based cinnamates and their thio and thiono analogs as potent inhibitors of cell adhesion molecules on human endothelial cells.

In the present study, we report the design and synthesis of novel analogs of cinnamates, thiocinnamates and thionocinnamates and evaluated the potencies of these analogs to inhibit TNF-α induced ICAM-1 expression on human endothelial cells. By using whole cell-ELISA, our screening data demonstrated that ethyl 3',4',5'-trimethoxythionocinnamate (ETMTC) is the most potent inhibitor of TNF-α induced ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin. As functional consequences, ETMTC abrogated TNF-α induced adhesion of neutrophils to the endothelial monolayer. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed the critical role of the chain-length of the alkyl group in the alcohol moiety, number of methoxy groups in the aromatic ring of the cinnamoyl moiety and the presence of the α, ß- C-C double bond in the thiocinnamates and thionocinnamates.

Normalization of deranged signal transduction in lymphocytes of COPD patients by the novel calcium channel blocker H-DHPM.

Investigations on the role of intracellular Ca(2+) ion concentration in the mechanism of development of COPD in smokers and non-smokers were carried out. The intracellular Ca(2+) levels were found to be increased in human lymphocytes in patients with COPD as compared to non-smokers and smokers without COPD. The investigations reveal an association in altered intracellular Ca(2+) regulation in lymphocytes and severity of COPD, by means of significant activation of Protein kinase C and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The effect of a novel calcium channel blocker ethyl 4-(4'-heptanoyloxyphenyl)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-one-5-carboxylate (H-DHPM) as a potential candidate for the treatment of COPD was also investigated. H-DHPM treated cells showed a decrease in intracellular Ca(2+) level as compared to the control cells. Molecular studies were carried out to evaluate the expression profile of NOS isoforms in human lymphocytes and it was shown that H-DHPM decreases the increased iNOS in COPD along with reestablishing the normal levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The results of H-DHPM were comparable with those of Amlodipine, a known calcium channel blocker. Calcium channel blocker H-DHPM proves to be a potential candidate for the treatment of COPD and further clinical studies are required to prove its role in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH).

Microwave-assisted synthesis of antimicrobial dihydropyridines and tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ones: novel compounds against aspergillosis.

Ten 4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridine and three 4-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-one derivatives have been synthesized and examined for their activity against pathogenic strains of Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. Although none of the three compounds belonging to pyrimidin-2-one series showed any activity against two pathogens, two of the compounds of the dihydropyridine series, that is, diethyl 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-3,5-dicarboxylate and dimethyl 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-3,5-dicarboxylate, exhibited significant activity against A. fumigatus in disc diffusion, microbroth dilution and percent spore germination inhibition assays. The most active diethyl dihydropyridine derivative exhibited a MIC value of 2.92 microg/disc in disc diffusion and 15.62 microg/ml in microbroth dilution assays. The MIC(90) value of the most active compound by percent germination inhibition assay was found to be 15.62 microg/ml. The diethyl dicarboxylate derivative of dihydropyridine also exhibited appreciable activity against C. albicans. The in vitro toxicity of the most active diethyl dihydropyridine derivative was evaluated using haemolytic assay, in which the compound was found to be non-toxic to human erythrocytes even at a concentration of 625 microg/ml. The standard drug amphotericin B exhibited 100% lysis of erythrocytes at a concentration almost 16 times less than the safer concentration of the most active dihydropyridine derivative.

Novel aromatic ester from Piper longum and its analogues inhibit expression of cell adhesion molecules on endothelial cells.

We report here the isolation and characterization of two active principles, ethyl 3',4',5'-trimethoxycinnamate (1) and piperine (2), from the combined hexane and chloroform extracts of Piper longum. Using primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells, we evaluated the activities of compound 1 on TNF-alpha-induced expression of cell adhesion molecules, viz., ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin, which play key roles in controlling various inflammatory diseases. Both compounds 1 and 2 inhibited the TNF-alpha-induced expression of ICAM-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner; however, the activity of ethyl 3',4',5'-trimethoxycinnamate (1) was approximately 1.3 times higher than that of piperine (2). As ethyl 3',4',5'-trimethoxycinnamate (1) has been isolated for the first time from a natural source, Piper longum, and it exhibited higher activity, we carried out further studies on it. To correlate its cell adhesion molecule inhibitory activity with its functional consequences, we showed that it significantly blocked the adhesion of neutrophils to endothelium in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Importantly, the inhibitory effect of cinnamate 1 was found to be reversible. To elucidate its structure-function-activity relationship, we synthesized nine different analogues of ethyl 3',4',5'-trimethoxycinnamate, i.e., compounds 3-11, and compared the ICAM-1 inhibitory activity of compound 1 with those of its synthetic analogues as well as the corresponding acids 12-15. The structure-activity studies indicate that the chain length of the alcohol moiety, substituents in the aromatic ring, and alpha, beta-double bond of the cinnamic acid ester have significant effects on the inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced expression of ICAM-1 on endothelial cells. These findings have implications in developing compounds with a better therapeutic index against various inflammatory diseases.