Patterns of the Social Approach to Health in Selected Countries and Iran: A Comparative Study.

Background : The complexity of health and the role of its relevant socioeconomic factors have led countries to adopt new approaches to promote health, including the socialization of health. This comparative study aimed at examining the patterns of the social approach to health in 9 selected countries. Methods: Using the scoping review method, we collected the data by searching published articles in databases and the websites of the World Health Organization, the United Nations, and the World Bank. A total of 66 articles were included in the study based on the PRISMA protocol. Results : The thematic analysis showed that the most efficient model among middle-income countries was the one that consisted of good governance, effective social participation, and empowerment of mothers and children. The study findings also revealed that considering social welfare, governance, social participation, empowerment, and health literacy, Ecuador, Bulgaria, Egypt, and Cuba had the highest scores among the selected countries, respectively. We define socialization of health as public engagement in maintaining and promoting individual and social and psychological health in the society, a part of which is achieved through community-based medical education. Conclusion : In Iran, the centralized structure of the health system and inadequate transparency and accountability of the government have led to restricted public participation and poor intersectoral collaboration. We propose empowering civil society, setting up free political parties, and implementing the family medicine project as an effective policy for improving the socialization of health to achieve sustainable development goals in Iran.

Presenting the Students' Academic Achievement Causal Model based on Goal Orientation.

INTRODUCTION: Several factors play a role in academic achievement, individual's excellence and capability to do actions and tasks that the learner is in charge of in learning areas. The main goal of this study was to present academic achievement causal model based on the dimensions of goal orientation and learning approaches among the students of Medical Science and Dentistry courses in Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2013. METHODS: This study is based on a cross-sectional model. The participants included 175 first and second students of the Medical and Dentistry schools in Guilan University of Medical Sciences selected by random cluster sampling [121 persons (69%) Medical Basic Science students and 54 (30.9%) Dentistry students]. The measurement tool included the Goal Orientation Scale of Bouffard and Study Process Questionnaire of Biggs) and the students' Grade Point Average. The study data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equations modeling. SPSS 14 and Amos were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The results indicated a significant relationship between goal orientation and learning strategies (P<0.05). In addition, the results revealed that a significant relationship exists between learning strategies[Deep Learning (r=0.37, P<0.05), Surface Learning (r=-0.21,P<0.05)], and academic achievement.The suggested model of research is fitted to the data of the research. CONCLUSION: Results showed that the students' academic achievement model fits with experimental data, so it can be used in learning principles which lead to students' achievement in learning.