Bacterial diseases of Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer): A review for health management strategies and future aquaculture sustainability.

The advent of aquaculture has been one of the most significant shifts in world food supply during the last century. Aquaculture has rapidly expanded and become a global food industry, spurred by population expansion, increased seafood consumption, and decreased captured fisheries. Nonetheless, the exponential growth of aquaculture has emerged as a significant contributor to anthropogenic changes. Unexpectedly, the result has focused in the emergence and spread of new diseases. The Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) is an economically important species in aquaculture, contributing significantly to the global seafood market. However, bacterial diseases have emerged as a major concern, affecting both wild and cultured populations of this species. The most prevalent bacterial pathogens are streptococcus, vibriosis, nocardiosis, tenacibaculosis, and pot-belly disease. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively analyze both emerging and non-emerging bacterial diseases affecting L. calcarifer and explore potential management approaches for their control. Through an extensive literature survey and critical evaluation of research findings, this review highlights the current understanding of bacterial diseases in L. calcarifer and proposes strategies for better disease management. In addition, this review looks at the rise and characteristics of aquaculture, the major bacterial pathogens of L. calcarifer and their effects, and the specific attributes of disease emergence in an aquatic rather than terrestrial context. It also considers the potential for future disease emergence in L. calcarifer due to aquaculture expansion and climate changes.

Triphenylphosphonium Modified Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle for Enhanced Algicidal Efficacy of Cyclohexyl-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl) Amine.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) have been widely used for the delivery of different hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs owing to their large surface area and ease of chemical alteration. On the other hand, triphenylphosphonium cation (TPP+) with high lipophilicity has a great mitochondrial homing property that stimulates the internalization of drugs into cells. Therefore, we designed a TPP-modified MSNP to enhance the algicidal activity of our new algicidal agent cyclohexyl-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl) amine (DP92). In this study, algicidal activity was evaluated by assessing the growth rate inhibition of two harmful algal blooms (HABs), Heterosigma akashiwo and Heterocapsa circularisquama, after treatment with DP92-loaded MSNP or TPP-MSNP and DP92 in DMSO (as control). For H. akashiwo, the IC50 values of TPP-MSNP and MSNP are 0.03 ± 0.01 and 0.16 ± 0.03 µM, respectively, whereas the value of the control is 0.27 ± 0.02 µM. For H. circularisquama, the IC50 values of TPP-MSNP and MSNP are 0.10 ± 0.02 and 0.29 ± 0.02 µM, respectively, whereas the value of the control is 1.90 ± 0.09 µM. Results have indicated that TPP-MSNP efficiently enhanced the algicidal activity of DP92, signifying the prospect of using DP92-loaded TPP-MSNP as an algicidal agent for the superior management of HABs.

Stature estimation from footprint measurements in Bangladeshi adults.

The estimation of stature is very important in forensic investigation, as it provides useful data that can narrow the pool of potentially matching identities. The purpose of this study was to develop formulae for the estimation of stature from footprint measurements in Bangladeshi adults. This study included 118 randomly selected men and 130 randomly selected women, all aged 18-50 years. From each participant, stature and six footprint measurements were taken by means of standard measurement techniques. Footprint measurements were found to be positively correlated with stature. Stature was estimated by using linear regression equations. The right T1 length in men (R: +0.587, R2 : 0.345) and the right T2 length in women (R: +0.506, R2 : 0.256) were the most reliable individual estimators of stature. However, when data were combined for both sexes, the right T2 length was identified as the most reliable estimator of stature, with higher values of R (+0.792) and R2 (0.627). In conclusion, human stature can be successfully estimated by using footprint measurements; this finding can be applied in forensic research and investigation.

An Update of Lectins from Marine Organisms: Characterization, Extraction Methodology, and Potential Biofunctional Applications.

Lectins are a unique group of nonimmune carbohydrate-binding proteins or glycoproteins that exhibit specific and reversible carbohydrate-binding activity in a non-catalytic manner. Lectins have diverse sources and are classified according to their origins, such as plant lectins, animal lectins, and fish lectins. Marine organisms including fish, crustaceans, and mollusks produce a myriad of lectins, including rhamnose binding lectins (RBL), fucose-binding lectins (FTL), mannose-binding lectin, galectins, galactose binding lectins, and C-type lectins. The widely used method of extracting lectins from marine samples is a simple two-step process employing a polar salt solution and purification by column chromatography. Lectins exert several immunomodulatory functions, including pathogen recognition, inflammatory reactions, participating in various hemocyte functions (e.g., agglutination), phagocytic reactions, among others. Lectins can also control cell proliferation, protein folding, RNA splicing, and trafficking of molecules. Due to their reported biological and pharmaceutical activities, lectins have attracted the attention of scientists and industries (i.e., food, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industries). Therefore, this review aims to update current information on lectins from marine organisms, their characterization, extraction, and biofunctionalities.

Stature estimation from handprint measurements: an application to the medicolegal investigation.

BACKGROUND: The estimation of the stature of human beings is a major part of medicolegal investigation when only body parts are found. The study aimed to estimate the stature from different handprint measurements in a Bangladeshi population using statistical considerations. A sample of 200 young Bangladeshi adults (100 men and 100 women) with no physical disabilities participated in this study. Stature and seven anthropometric measurements were measured using standard anthropometric measurements. The bilateral asymmetry was tested using the independent t test. The Pearson's correlation coefficient (R) between the stature and different handprint measurements was calculated. Consequently, the simple and multiple linear regression models were developed to estimate the stature from the handprint measurements. RESULTS: The bilateral asymmetry was statistically not significant (p > 0.05) in right and left handprints. Sex difference significantly (p < 0.05) influences the relationship between stature and handprint measurements. A positive and strong coefficient of correlation (R) value presents between stature and the handprint measurements. The right 2nd digit length in men (R = + 0.709, R 2 = 0.502, SEE = ± 44.141 mm) and the right handprint length in women (R = + 0.552, R 2 = 0.305, SEE = ± 49.074 mm) were the most reliable estimator of stature. However, when data were combined for both sexes, the right handprint length was identified as the most reliable estimator of stature with higher values of R (+ 0.777) and R 2 (0.603), and a lower value of SEE (± 55.520). Multiple regression equation showed greater reliability than linear regression equations in stature estimation from handprint measurements in Bangladeshi population. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the estimation of stature from handprint measurements is possible and reliable. The findings of this study are very useful from the forensic and medicolegal point of view and can use to estimate the stature in Bangladeshi population.

Extracellular Vesicles: The Next Frontier in Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized membrane particles secreted by cells to convey intercellular information. In recent years, EVs have enticed scientists owing to their prevalent distribution, enormous possibility as therapeutic aspirants, and probable roles as disease biomarkers. As natural transporters in the endogenous communication system, they play a role in protein, lipid, miRNA, mRNA, and DNA transport. In this chapter, we recapitulate the roles of EVs in the vast field of regenerative medicine. This summary mainly describes the potential roles of EVs in the regeneration of extensively studied organs or tissues, such as the heart, kidney, lung, liver, skin, and hair. Furthermore, EV can also transport drugs and corroborate their uptake by target cells through endocytosis; therefore, this chapter also highlights the use of EVs in the field of drug delivery.

Nanotechnology in the arena of cancer immunotherapy.

Cancer immunotherapy orchestrates the immune system of the human body to fight against cancer cells. By doing this, it has revolutionized cancer treatment. Toxicities arising from dose-limit and low rates of patient response continue to be the major bottlenecks in clinical outcomes. The immune system has a close relationship with tumor. This leads to the combination of nanotechnology and immunotherapy. Nanotechnology can potentiate the efficacy of immunotherapy by enhancing the delivery and retention, and narrowing the toxicity of immunomodulation. In this regard, immunotherapy can combine with nanomedicine to give strategies that could lessen the side effects and improve clinical outcomes in patient populations. In this review, we explore and recapitulate recent advances in nanoparticle-based cancer immunotherapy.

Stature estimation from foot anthropometric measurements in Bangladeshi population.

BACKGROUND: Estimating human stature is a major concern to formulate a biological profile which provides effective data for forensic identification. This research was aimed to generate a formula for estimating stature from human foot anthropometry. METHODS: This study was conducted in selected 150 male and 150 female subjects within the range of 18 to 60 years randomly. From each subject, stature and seven-foot measurements were taken by applying the standard technique. Stature was estimated from foot measurements by using linear and multiple regression equations. RESULTS: The result showed that each foot measurement was significantly (p < 0.001) and positively correlated with stature. Bilateral difference among male and female was not significant (p < 0.05). Multiple regression models showed better accuracy in estimating stature than linear regression models. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, it can be said that human stature can be successfully estimated by using foot measurements which can be applied in forensic investigation.

Stature estimation from hand anthropometric measurements in Bangladeshi population.

The aim of this research was to generate a standard formula for estimating stature in the Bangladeshi population from hand anthropometric measurements. Arbitrarily selected a total of 150 male and 150 female healthy subjects within the age range 18-60 years participated in this study. Stature and nine hand parameters were taken using a standard tape and a digital slide calipers for each subject. The results indicate that in male Bangladeshi population, the bilateral variation of hand length, hand breadth, maximum hand breadth, palm length, thumb length, ring finger length, and little finger length was statistically not significant (p > 0.05). On the other hand, in female, bilateral difference of hand length, hand breadth, palm length, index finger length, middle finger length, ring finger length, and little finger length was statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). All hand dimensions were statistically significant (p < 0.001) and positively correlated with stature. Linear and multiple regression equation were used to estimate stature from hand anthropometric measurements. The accuracy of the determination of stature using hand dimensions ranged from ±3.688 to ±6.112 cm. Right-hand length was the most reliable single variable in both sexes in simple linear regression (SSE ±5.347 cm in male and ±3.688 cm in female). The multiple regression models were more reliable than the linear regression models as a lower SSE and higher R and R-square values. In conclusion, our present study has a great importance to estimate stature from hand measurements among Bangladeshis from the anatomical and forensic point of view.

Medicinal potential of Passiflora foetida L. plant extracts: biological and pharmacological activities.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate analgesic, antidiarrhoeal and cytotoxic activities of the ethanol extract of Passiflora foetida L. (Passifloraceae) by three experimental methods. METHODS: Analgesic activity of the ethanol extract of Passiflora foetida L. (EEPF) acetic acid-induced writhing inhibition in mice. The method of castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice was utilized to evaluate antidiarrhoeal activity. The cytotoxic activity of EEPF was explored with a brine shrimp lethality bioassay. RESULTS: The extract showed 68.75% and 30.00% inhibition of writhe at the doses of 500 and 250 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The extract increased the mean latent period prior to diarrhoeal onset to about 1.55 h and 1.17 h, and decreased the mean number of stools to 4.4 and 5.6 at the doses of 500 and 250 mg/kg body weight. The extract also demonstrated cytotoxic activity in the brine shrimp lethality assay, and the median lethal concentration for brine shrimp nauplii was 80 µg/mL. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the plant extract has analgesic and antidiarrhoeal activities, supporting its uses in traditional medicine. The results also demonstrate that the plant extract possesses cytotoxic activities.

Medicinal potential of Passiflora foetida L. plant extracts: biological and pharmacological activities / 中西医结合学报

To investigate analgesic, antidiarrhoeal and cytotoxic activities of the ethanol extract of Passiflora foetida L. (Passifloraceae) by three experimental methods.