Assessment of major food crops production-based environmental efficiency in China, India, and Pakistan.

Global warming and food security have led to increasing concern about agricultural crop production efficiency, especially wheat and rice farming. The purpose of the current study is to measure wheat and rice production efficiency scores with environmental quality in China, India, and Pakistan by using a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. The DEA results show that China and India are more efficient in wheat and rice production but it is not efficient in the environment in the study period. The results also show that Pakistan has also relatively small wheat and rice efficiency compared with China and India and increased the efficiency with the passage of time. The practical outcomes also show that Pakistan has the most efficient and effective states from the periods 2008 to 2019 in terms of wheat and rice efficiency and also a small increase in carbon emission. Based on the findings, policymakers should pay attention to the role of green technology in reducing agricultural CO2 emissions.

The role of financial development indicators in sustainable development-environmental degradation nexus.

Sustainable development is significantly contributing the environmental degradation due to improvements in financial sector in One Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) region. Thus, the present research work constructs the sustainable development index for BRI. Afterwards, it unfolds the nexus of sustainable development-environmental degradation and also evaluates the role of financial development indicators in BRI economies. By utilizing the robust mean group, the present study quantifies the long-run marginal impacts of sustainable development, financial development indicators, energy consumption, and urban sprawl on environmental degradation, respectively. The marginal impacts infer an inverted U-shaped sustainable development environmental Kuznets curve in BRI region. The sustainable development, energy consumption, and urban sprawl are enriching the environmental degradation, whereas the financial development indicators have an adverse impact on environmental degradation by induction of interaction of sustainable development-financial development. Therefore, the improvements in financial development indicators will help to achieve the sustainable development. Note: + and _ depict the significant positive and negative impact respectively while illustrates ⇒ causal direction.

Assessment of rice and wheat production efficiency based on data envelopment analysis.

Global warming, energy consumption (EC), and food safety have caused an increase of focus regarding agricultural crop productivity with a principal focus on CEs from crop farming. This study analyzes Pakistan, India, and China's rice and wheat production rating through the CCR and SBM DEA framework. The recorded rice (0.60) and wheat (1.00) production, through the CCR approach, can be considered the highest productivity. The rating productivity of the parallel DMUs for the CCR (or BCC) framework average degree of technical productivity of SBM model of wheat and rice production, which does not adhere to the degree of 100% amongst all countries. Keeping the area's efficiency in mind, the average technical productivity rating recorded through CCR is 0.87, and SBM is 0.86 and is significantly lower than the ideal rating in the original DEA. By decreasing tomato output through farmers' productive operations, energy can be conserved by 21.4% compared to its current level by enhancing the utilization of essential resources, chemical fertilizers, farmyard manure, and water bear comparatively greater trading weights. It is eminent to decrease energy usage and carbon discharge in rice production. Similarly, the high yield and adequate rice plantation methods should be encouraged in the given region.