Dientes supernumerarios: claves esenciales para un adecuado informe radiológico

Objetivo: En los últimos años, se han incrementado significativamente las peticiones de tomografía computada (TC) para la evaluación preoperatoria de los dientes supernumerarios (SN) en niños. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es describir de forma detallada y concisa los dientes SN, basándonos en los pacientes diagnosticados en nuestro centro. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de los estudios de TC maxilofacial, realizados entre los años 2011 y 2015. Recopilamos datos de los pacientes (género y edad), motivos de solicitud y hallazgos tomográficos. Los dientes SN fueron clasificados según la enumeración dental de la Federación Dental Internacional (FDI), describiendo la variable LEOMA (localización, emplazamiento, orientación, morfología y angulación) y las alteraciones asociadas (heterotopia, inclusión, anquilosis u odontoma). Resultados: Se registraron 36 pacientes con 49 SN en total. La petición más frecuente de TC fue la evaluación preoperatoria de los dientes SN (21 casos). En su mayoría, la localización fue mesiodiente (30 SN), posterior respecto al diente más próximo (25 SN), con orientación vertical (19 SN), con morfología rudimentaria cónica (26 SN) y con angulación anteroposterior. Conclusión: La realización de una adecuada descripción de los dientes SN ayuda al radiólogo a redactar un ordenado informe y al cirujano maxilofacial a realizar la planificación preoperatoria.

Purpose: A significant increase has been observed in computed tomography (CT) requests for the pre-operative evaluation of supernumerary teeth (SN) in children. The aim of this work is to describe the SN teeth in a detailed and concise fashion, based on patients diagnosed in our institution. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of maxillofacial CT studies was performed during the years 2011 to 2015. Patient data was collected, including gender and age, request data, and CT findings. The SN were classified in accordance with the World Dental Federation (FDI) notation, describing LEOMA variables (location, emplacement, orientation, morphology, and angulation), and the presence of associated disorders (heterotopia, inclusión, ankylosis, or odontoma). Results: The study included 36 patients with a total of 49 SN teeth. The most frequent request was a pre-operative CT evaluation of SN teeth (21 cases). The SN teeth were found in the mesiodens location (30 SN), posterior position in relation to the closest tooth (25 SN), conical rudimentary morphology (26 SN), vertical orientation (19 SN), and anterior-posterior angulation. Conclusion: Providing an adequate description of SN teeth can help the radiologist to write a detailed and concise report and help the maxillofacial surgeon in the pre-operative planning.

Analysis of occupant kinematics and dynamics in nearside oblique impacts.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to analyze the kinematics and dynamics of restrained postmortem human surrogates (PMHS) exposed to a nearside oblique impact and the injuries that were found after the tests. METHODS: Three male PMHS of similar age (64 ± 4 years) and anthropometry (weight: 61 ± 9.6 kg; stature: 172 ± 2.7 cm) were exposed to a 30° nearside oblique impact at 34 km/h. The test fixture approximated the seating position of a front seat occupant. A rigid seat was designed to match the pelvic displacement in a vehicle seat. Surrogates were restrained by a 3-point seat belt consisting of a 2 kN pretensioner (PT), 4.5 kN force-limiting shoulder belt, and a 3.5 kN PT lap belt. The shoulder belt PT was not fired in one of the tests. Trajectories of the head, shoulder, and hip joint (bilaterally) were recorded at 1,000 Hz by a 3D motion capture system. The 3D acceleration and angular rate of the head, T1, and pelvis, and the 3D acceleration of selected spinal locations was measured at 10,000 Hz. Seat belt load cells measured the belt tension at 4 locations. PMHS donation and handling were performed with the approval of the relevant regional ethics review board. RESULTS: Activation of the shoulder PT reduced substantially the peak forward excursion of the head but did not influence the lateral displacement of the head center of gravity (CG). In all 3 subjects, the lateral excursion of the head CG (291.1, 290, 292.1 mm) was greater than the forward displacement (271.4, 216.7, 171.5 mm). The hip joint excursion of the PMHS that was not exposed to the shoulder PT seat belt was twice the magnitude observed for the other 2 subjects. The 3 PMHS sustained clavicle fractures on the shoulder loaded by the seat belt and 2 of them were diagnosed atlantoaxial subluxation in the radiologist examination. Avulsion fractures of the right lamina of T1, T2, T3, and T4 were found when the PT was not used. The 3 PMHS received multiple fractures spread over both aspects of the rib cage and involving the posterior aspect of it. CONCLUSION: In this study of nearside oblique impact loading, the PMHS exhibited kinematics characterized by reduced torso pitching and increased lateral head excursion as compared to previous frontal impact results. These kinematics resulted in potential cervical and thoracic spinal injuries and in complete, displaced fractures of the lateral and posterior aspects of the rib cage. Though this is a limited number of subjects, it shows the necessity of further understanding of the kinematics of occupants exposed to this loading mode.

Total distal radioulnar joint prosthesis as salvage surgery in multioperated patients.

The purpose of this study was to report the results following implantation of a total distal radioulnar joint prosthesis in five multioperated patients with posttraumatic or Essex-Lopresti injury. The range of motion (ROM) for flexion and extension, radial deviation and ulnar deviation of the wrist, and pronation and supination of the forearm, grip strength, pain intensity through a visual analog scale (VAS), surgical complications and ability to return to work, were recorded. Subjective and objective functions were assessed using the quick DASH questionnaire and the modified Mayo wrist score, respectively. The mean postoperative follow-up was 4.3 years. Average postoperative increase in ROM was 28.8° for flexion-extension; 2.2° for radial and ulnar deviation, and 18° for pronation-supination, reaching 85.8%, 85% and 80.8% of the contralateral hand function, respectively. Grip strength increased by 6.8kg, with recovery of 78% of the strength of the unaffected hand. VAS score decreased to a mean of 6.2 postoperatively. There were complications in two cases. All five patients showed no signs of implant loosening or movement. The quick DASH score decreased from a mean of 85 preoperatively to 38.6 postoperatively. The modified Mayo wrist score increased from a mean of 24 preoperatively to 73 at final follow-up. Four patients recovered their professional and daily activities without restriction and were satisfied with the procedure; one patient with heterotopic bone formation at the distal tip of the ulnar stem did not want any further surgery and agreed to job modifications.

Guía para la valoración multiaxial del "esguince cervical" y la patología discal asociada / Multiaxial guideline for evaluation of whiplash and associated disk disorders

Se aporta un enfoque de la valoración del esguince cervical basado en un modelo multidimensional. A modo de checklist se consideran aspectos relativos al accidente, las lesiones cervicales, el estado anterior, las lesiones extracervicales y aspectos psicológicos, incluyendo la simulación. Ya que el esguince cervical es no sólo, ni a veces principalmente, un cuadro médico, sino derivado de factores no médicos, se considera este modelo multiaxial como la mejor manera de abordar su valoración y tratamiento. Se insiste en la necesidad de valorar pericialmente las pruebas complementarias, en la importancia de algunas patologías asociadas y en la utilidad de un lenguaje común al hablar de la simulación o la exageración (AU)

A multiaxial approach to whiplash assessment is proposed. Following a checklist-like model, the accident, cervical and extra-cervical injuries, premorbid spine status, and psychological-malingering factors are, consecutively, considered. Provided that whiplash is not only a medical condition, but derived also from non-biological elements, the multiaxial model is presented as the best way to approach the forensic and therapeutic problems of whiplash. Remarks are made on the assessment of complementary tests under an expertise point of view, the importance of several whiplash-associated conditions, and the usefulness of using a unified terminology when facing malingering or simulation (AU)