ABSTRACT
AIMS: To examine the impact of Ramadan Focused Education Program (RFEP) on medications adjustment in type 2 diabetes patients in Ramadan. METHODS: This is a controlled, intervention based study. It was run on three phases: before, during, and after Ramadan on 262 type 2 diabetes patients. The intervention group (nâ¯=â¯140) received RFEP on medications doses & timing adjustment before and after Ramadan, while the control group (nâ¯=â¯122) received standard care. RESULTS: The dose of insulin glargine was reduced from 42.51⯱â¯22.16 at the baseline to 40.11⯱â¯18.51-units during Ramadan (pâ¯=â¯0.002) in the intervention group while it remained the same in the control group before Ramadan and during Ramadan (38.51⯱â¯18.63 and 38.14⯱â¯18.46, Pâ¯=â¯0.428, respectively). The hypoglycemia score was 14.2 ± (8.5) pre-Ramadan in the intervention and reduced to 6.36⯱â¯6.17 during Ramadan (pâ¯<â¯0.001) while in the control group, no significant changes were noted before and during Ramadan (14.01⯱â¯5.10 versus 13.46⯱â¯5.30). CONCLUSIONS: Ramadan Focused Education Program done at a primary healthcare setting had a positive impact on medication adjustment for dose and timing during fasting in Ramadan in diabetic patients, and it can be a useful tool to achieve better outcomes; less hypoglycemia and safe fasting among T2D patients during Ramadan.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Hyperglycemia/prevention & control , Hypoglycemia/prevention & control , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Islam , Patient Education as Topic/standards , Primary Health Care/standards , Biomarkers/analysis , Blood Glucose/analysis , Case-Control Studies , Fasting , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , PrognosisABSTRACT
Losartan (Cozaar™) is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist with antihypertensive activity. It is used in the management of hypertension and heart failure. Nomenclature, formulae, elemental analysis, and appearance of the drug are included in this review. The uses, applications, and the variety of synthetic pathways of this drug are outlined. Physical characteristics including: ionization constant, solubility, X-ray powder diffraction pattern, thermal methods of analysis, UV spectrum, IR spectrum, mass spectrum with fragmentation patterns, and NMR (1H and 13C) spectra of losartan together with the corresponding figures and/or tables are all produced. This profile also includes the monograph of British Pharmacopoeia, together with several reported analytical methods including: spectrophotometric, electrochemical, chromatographic, and capillary electrophoretic methods. The stability, the pharmacokinetic behavior and the pharmacology of the drug are also provided.
