Application of Immobilized ß-Glucosidase from Candida boidinii in the Hydrolysis of Delignified Sugarcane Bagasse.

Candida boidinii is a methylotrophic yeast with wide geographical distribution. In the present study, the microorganism was isolated from the Bahian semiarid and the enzymatic extract containing ß-glucosidase was obtained through submerged fermentation. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize of fermentation medium. The higher production of ß-glucosidase was obtained after 71 h of fermentation in an optimized medium composed of 3.35% glucose, 1.78% yeast extract and 1% peptone. The optimum pH and temperature of enzymatic activity were 6.8 (citrate-phosphate buffer) and 71.7 °C, respectively. Salts tested (10 mM) CaCl2, Na2SO4 and ZnSO4 promotes the increase of 91%, 45% and 80% of activity, respectively. The enzyme retained 64% ± 2.3 of its initial activity after 1 h heating at 90 °C. The production of reducing sugars was 95.94% after 24 h of hydrolysis and, with the addition of metal ions, this value increased more than 2 times. Among the supports analyzed for immobilization, chitosan showed higher residual activity during reuse. The immobilized enzyme showed higher activity at 60 °C with pH 6 and preserved almost 100% of the initial activity after 30 min at 70 °C.

Reference intervals for serum immunoglobulins G, M and E levels in Brazilian children aged 1 to 10 years: a population-based study

Abstract Objective: To determine the reference intervals (RI) for serum levels of IgG, IgM, and IgE in healthy children aged 1-10 years living in central Brazil. Method: A sample of 1743 healthy children was randomly selected from kindergartens and public schools. Reference intervals were defined by non-parametric rank (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, USA), bootstrapping, and Horn's robust methods. Results: By the rank method, the IgG RI was 792-1771 mg/dL for children of both sexes aged 1-10 years. IgM RI were different for gender and age groups, being 45-196 mg/dL and 34-190 mg/dL for boys aged 1-2 years and 3-10 years, respectively. For girls, the IgM RI were 50-212 mg/dL and 39-212 mg/dL, for ages 1-4 and 5-10 years, respectively. The IgE RI for both sexes and ages 1-10 years was 6-1005 mg/dL. The bootstrap method showed RI similar to the rank method but with slightly different confidence intervals. Horn's robust method determined RI different from those obtained by previous methods. Conclusion: RI for serum concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgE were established for Brazilian children aged 1-10 years. This definition will be useful for Brazilian physicians, who will have more adequate parameters for their clinical decision-making.

Clinical response to prednisone in a severe case of infant-juvenile paracoccidioidomycosis.

BACKGROUND: Paracoccidioidomycosis is a neglected tropical disease caused by fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides. A wide range of symptoms is related to the disease; however, lungs and skin are the sites predominantly affected. The disease is mostly seen in people living in rural areas in Latin America. CASE REPORT: We present a pediatric case of severe disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis that slowly responded to the antifungal treatment. Within three months, symptoms evolved into hepatosplenomegaly, necrotic cervical and abdominal lymph nodes, and splenic abscess. Clinical response to amphotericin B deoxycholate and itraconazole was slow, resulting in pleural and peritoneal cavity effusions, heart failure and shock. Amphotericin B deoxycholate was replaced by the liposomal formulation, with no response. Subsequently, prednisone was added to the treatment, which led to improvement in the clinical response. Serological Paracoccidioides antibody titers were atypical, with very low titers in the critical phase and significant increase during the convalescence phase. The infection was finally cleared up with amphotericin B deoxycholate, liposomal amphotericin B and the use of corticosteroids. Paracoccidioidomycosis serology was non-reactive two years post-discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the intense inflammatory response triggered by Paracoccidioides cells, giving low-dose prednisone for a short period of time modulated the inflammatory response and supported antifungal treatment.

ß-glucosidases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: production, protein precipitation, characterization, and application in the enzymatic hydrolysis of delignified sugarcane bagasse.

ß-glucosidase is an essential enzyme for the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, as it catalyzes the final stage of cellulose breakdown, releasing glucose. This paper aims to produce ß-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and evaluate the enzymatic degradation of delignified sugarcane bagasse. S. cerevisiae was grown in yeast peptone dextrose medium. Partial purification of the enzyme was achieved through precipitating proteins with ethanol, and the optimal activity was measured by optimizing pH and temperature. The effects of ions, glucose tolerance, and heat treatment were evaluated. Delignified sugarcane bagasse was hydrolyzed by the enzyme. ß-glucosidase showed a specific activity of 14.0712 ± 0.0207 U mg-1. Partial purification showed 1.22-fold purification. The optimum pH and temperature were 6.24 and 54 °C, respectively. ß-glucosidase showed tolerance to glucose, with a relative activity of 71.27 ± 0.16%. Thermostability showed a relative activity of 58.84 ± 0.91% at 90 °C. The hydrolysis of delignified sugarcane bagasse showed a conversion rate of 87.97 ± 0.10% in the presence of Zn2+, an ion that promoted the highest increase in enzymatic activity. S. cerevisiae produced an extracellular ß-glucosidase with good stability at pH and temperatures conventionally applied in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, showing viability for industrial application.

Perfil das notificações de hanseníase em menores de 15 anos no Nordeste do Brasil / Profile of leprosy notifications in children under 15 years of age in Northeastern Brazil / Perfil de notificaciones de lepra en niños menores de 15 años en el Noreste de Brasil

Objetivo: analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos novos casos de hanseníase em menores de 15 anos no Nordeste do Brasil, entre 2012 e 2022. Método: estudo ecológico, retrospectivo, epidemiológico, realizado por meio de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Ministério da Saúde, em dezembro de 2023. Resultados: Foram notificados 9.252 novos casos em menores de 15 anos. Destes, 4.853 (52,5%) foram no sexo masculino, 5.783 (62,5%) na faixa etária dos 10-14 anos, 6.245 (67,5%) em pardos e 6.026 (65,1%) com o ensino fundamental incompleto. Houve predominância de casos paucibacilares (N=4.826/52,2%), dimorfos (N=3.170/34,3%), com grau zero de incapacidade (N=6.975/75,4%), com lesão única (N=3.645/39,4%), baciloscopia negativa (N=3.708/40,1%), sem reação (N=6.110/66,1%) e encaminhado para seis doses da poliquimioterapia (N=4.772/51,6%).Considerações finais: constatou-se que a hanseníase em menores de 15 anos é um acentuado problema de saúde pública, necessitando de ações para seu controle

Objective: to analyze the epidemiological profile of new cases of leprosy in children under 15 years of age in Northeast Brazil, between 2012 and 2022. Method: ecological, retrospective, epidemiological study, carried out using data from the Ministry's Notifiable Diseases Information System of Health, in December 2023. Results: 9,252 new cases were reported in children under 15 years of age. Of these, 4,853 (52.5%) were male, 5,783 (62.5%) were aged 10-14, 6,245 (67.5%) were mixed race and 6,026 (65.1%) were educated fundamental incomplete. There was a predominance of paucibacillary cases (N=4,826/52.2%), dimorphic (N=3,170/34.3%), with zero degree of disability (N=6,975/75.4%), with a single lesion (N=3,645 /39.4%), negative smear microscopy (N=3,708/40.1%), no reaction (N=6,110/66.1%) and referred for six doses of multidrug therapy (N=4,772/51.6%). Final considerations: it was found that leprosy in children under 15 years of age is a serious public health problem, requiring actions to control it

Objetivos:analizar el perfil epidemiológico de los nuevos casos de lepra en niños menores de 15 años en el Nordeste de Brasil, entre 2012 y 2022. Método: estudio epidemiológico, ecológico, retrospectivo, realizado con datos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria del Ministerio de Salud, en diciembre de 2023. Resultados: Se reportaron 9.252 nuevos casos en menores de 15 años. De ellos, 4.853 (52,5%) eran hombres, 5.783 (62,5%) tenían entre 10 y 14 años, 6.245 (67,5%) eran mestizos y 6.026 (65,1%) tenían educación fundamental incompleta. Hubo predominio de casos paucibacilares (N=4.826/52,2%), dimórficos (N=3.170/34,3%), con cero grado de discapacidad (N=6.975/75,4%), con lesión única (N=3.645/39,4%), baciloscopia negativa (N=3.708/40,1%), sin reacción (N=6.110/66,1%) y remitido para seis dosis de poliquimioterapia (N=4.772/51,6%). Consideraciones finales: se encontró que la lepra en niños menores de 15 años es un grave problema de salud pública, requiriendo acciones para su control

Reference intervals for serum immunoglobulins G, M and E levels in Brazilian children aged 1 to 10 years: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the reference intervals (RI) for serum levels of IgG, IgM, and IgE in healthy children aged 1-10 years living in central Brazil. METHOD: A sample of 1743 healthy children was randomly selected from kindergartens and public schools. Reference intervals were defined by non-parametric rank (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, USA), bootstrapping, and Horn's robust methods. RESULTS: By the rank method, the IgG RI was 792-1771 mg/dL for children of both sexes aged 1-10 years. IgM RI were different for gender and age groups, being 45-196 mg/dL and 34-190 mg/dL for boys aged 1-2 years and 3-10 years, respectively. For girls, the IgM RI were 50-212 mg/dL and 39-212 mg/dL, for ages 1-4 and 5-10 years, respectively. The IgE RI for both sexes and ages 1-10 years was 6-1005 mg/dL. The bootstrap method showed RI similar to the rank method but with slightly different confidence intervals. Horn's robust method determined RI different from those obtained by previous methods. CONCLUSION: RI for serum concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgE were established for Brazilian children aged 1-10 years. This definition will be useful for Brazilian physicians, who will have more adequate parameters for their clinical decision-making.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of α-D-mannan from the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus: evidence for a role in interleukin-6 inhibition.

The management of inflammatory states typically involves non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opiates. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the processing of nociceptive information from potential alternatives such as some polysaccharides may enable new and meaningful therapeutic approaches. In this study, α-D-mannan isolated from the Kluyveromyces marxianus cell wall produced antinociceptive effects in models of inflammatory pain (formalin and complete Freund's adjuvant tests). Furthermore, α-D-mannan reduced paw edema and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production after carrageenan-induced inflammation. The polysaccharide α-D-mannan was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, methylation analysis, and spectroscopic techniques. Moreover, the Doehlert experimental design was applied to find the optimal conditions for biomass production, with the best conditions being 10.8 g/L and 117 h for the glucose concentration and the fermentation time, respectively. These results indicate that α-D-mannan from K. marxianus exerts anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in mice, possibly via a mechanism dependent on the inhibition of IL-6 production.

Production of ß-glucosidase by Rhodotorula oryzicola and use of enzyme for hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse delignified.

Bioethanol is obtained by hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse by cellulases. Commercial cellulases are expensive and have a low concentration of ß-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), which decrease hydrolysis efficiency. The present work aims to produce supernatant rich in ß-glucosidase (BGL) using the yeast Rhodotorula oryzicola and apply it in the hydrolysis of delignified sugarcane bagasse. Yeast fermented in a modified YPD (Yeast Peptone Dextrose) medium with 0.5% (w/v) cellobiose and 1.0% (w/v) glucose produced BGL with a specific activity of 1.44 ± 0.013 U/mg. Partial purification of BGL by acetone showed a specific activity of 3.48 U/mg. The optimum pH and temperature were 6.02 and 65 °C, respectively. BGL partially purified (BGLppR.oryzicola) by acetone showed tolerance to glucose, with a relative activity of 82.89 ± 0.11%. The activity increased with the addition of iron sulfate and zinc sulfate and decreased with manganese sulfate. BGL partially purified was thermal stable, with a relative activity of 85.59% after 60 min at 90 °C. BGL partially purified applied in the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse delignified with 3% (w/w) NaOH + 6% (w/w) Na2SO3 showed a conversion rate of 72.46 ± 1.60%. The results showed that BGL partially purified is a glucose tolerant cellulase of low-cost, promising the application of bioethanol production.

Reference intervals for serum immunoglobulin A levels in Brazilian children aged 1 to 10 years: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine reference intervals (RI) for serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels in healthy children aged 1 to 1 0 years residing in the central region of Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,743 healthy children randomly selected from kindergartens and public schools in Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. The IgA RIs were defined using the statistical methods postulated by the guidelines of the United States Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, the nonparametric bootstrap method, and Horn's robust method after the correction of discrepancies by Tukey's, Dixon's, and Horn's methods, respectively. The results were defined based on the values contained between the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Partition by sex was not necessary to determine the IgA RI of the studied children. Homogeneous subgroups were identified among children aged 1-<2, 2-<5, and 5-<11 years, whose IgA-specific RIs were determined. CONCLUSION: The serum IgA RIs were established for three groups of Brazilian children aged 1-11 years, which differed from those currently applied in Brazilian pediatric practice and from those defined by international studies. This definition will help Brazilian pediatricians formulate an accurate diagnosis and facilitate decision-making.

A rare femoral heterotopic bone formation in a 14th-19th century female skeleton from Constância (Portugal).

OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to: (1) document a rare femoral heterotopic ossification (HO), and (2) discuss its aetiology and impact on the individual's locomotion and daily living activities. MATERIALS: Adult female skeleton (SG.14-SK.7) from the village of Constância (Portugal), and dated from the 14th-19th centuries CE. METHODS: The biological profile and the macroscopic analysis of the bone changes were assessed using standardized methods. RESULTS: The macroscopic analysis revealed a large bony mass (8 cm length) located immediately inferior to the small trochanter of the right femur. The lesion exhibited a compact, tubular appearance located at the site of attachment of the pectineus muscle. No signs of bone fracture were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The morphology of the SG.14-SK.7 femoral lesion is compatible with a probable case of myositis ossificans traumatica (MOT), secondary to acute trauma of the pectineus muscle. The underlying trauma episode, such as random accidental and/or occupation-related injury, is unknown. However, it is highly possible that this self-limiting condition significantly impaired the individual's daily life and mobility. SIGNIFICANCE: Evidence of severe acute muscle trauma is a rare finding compared with HO secondary to bone trauma and other minor muscle injuries. Moreover, no cases of MOT affecting the pectineus muscle have been reported in the paleopathological literature to date. LIMITATIONS: Although unlikely, a case of neurogenic or burn-related HO cannot be completely disregarded. It was not possible to undertake radiography as part of this study. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: The use of imaging techniques to complement the paleopathological description is advised.

α-D-mannan from Aureobasidium pullulans (CCMB 324): optimization extraction.

Mannans has been attracted the interest in various sectors due to its promising applications. The low toxicity of mannans allows for their use in cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. In this study, the α-D-mannan extraction conditions from Aureobasidium pullulans by alkaline extraction were optimized using a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The effect of temperature (°C), pH and extraction time (hours) on the yield of α-mannan was investigated. The conditions that produced the highest yield (26%) were a temperature of 92 °C, extraction time of 3 h and pH 13. In addition, the α-D-mannan structure was confirmed by methylation analysis, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis, and GC-MS.

The improvement of guava (Psidium guajava) juice quality using crude multi-enzymatic extracts obtained from yeasts.

Guava juice is cloudy and viscous, which hinders filtration, decreases yield, and causes the loss of quality after its processing and during storage. This study aimed to evaluate enzymatic treatment effects using crude multi-enzymatic extracts (CME) obtained from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhodotorula orizycola, and Pseudozyma sp. produced by submerse fermentation in the extraction of juice guava. Mixtures of 100 ml of guava pulp and multi-enzymatic extracts proposed by Doehlert planning were incubated under constant agitation at 150 rpm and 50°C, and a Doehlert design was applied as a multivariate optimization strategy. The optimal conditions using the multi-enzymatic extract were: 0.4% (v/v) of CME for 131 min for the multi-enzymatic treatment using Pseudozyma sp.; 3.0% (v/v) of CME for 154 min using the R. mucilaginosa CME; and 5.0% (v/v) of CME for 90 min using R. oryzicola. The maximum viscosity reduction values for the juices treated with the CME of yeasts were 10.33%, 86.38%, and 13.33% for the juices treated with the CME of Pseudozyma sp., R. mucilaginosa, and R. orizycola, respectively. The physical-chemical properties were improved after treatment with CMEs, yielding a reduction of clarity, increase of total soluble solids and reducing sugars, and decreasing the acidity (pH) for all treatments with enzymatic extracts of all strains. The yeasts studied showed a potential for CME production to be applied to juice, improving the quality of the juice, and R. mucilaginosa was the most prominent yeast due to most significant reduction of viscosity in guava juice.

Reference intervals for serum immunoglobulin A levels in Brazilian children aged 1 to 10 years: a population-based study

Abstract Objective: To determine reference intervals (Rl) for serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels in healthy children aged 1 to 1 0 years residing in the central region of Brazil. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,743 healthy children randomly selected from kindergartens and public schools in Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. The IgA RIs were defined using the statistical methods postulated by the guidelines of the United States Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, the nonparametric bootstrap method, and Horn's robust method after the correction of discrepancies by Tukey's, Dixon's, and Horn's methods, respectively. The results were defined based on the values contained between the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles and their respective 95% confidence intervals. Results: Partition by sex was not necessary to determine the IgA Rl of the studied children. Homogeneous subgroups were identified among children aged 1-<2, 2-<5, and 5-<11 years, whose IgA-specific RIs were determined. Conclusion: The serum IgA RIs were established for three groups of Brazilian children aged 1-11 years, which differed from those currently applied in Brazilian pediatric practice and from those defined by international studies. This definition will help Brazilian pediatricians formulate an accurate diagnosis and facilitate decision-making.

Immobilization of Fungal Cellulases Highlighting ß-Glucosidase: Techniques, Supports, Chemical, and Physical Changes.

ß-Glucosidase is widely used in several industrial segments, among which we can highlight the pharmaceutical industry, beverages, biofuels, animal feed production, and the textile industry. The great applicability of this enzyme, associated with the high cost of its production, justifies the need to find ways to make its use economically viable on an industrial scale. Through enzyme immobilization, the biocatalyst can be reused more than once, without great impact on its catalytic activity, and higher operational and storage stabilities can be achieved as compared to the free form. Accordingly, this review brings information about different techniques and supports that have been studied in the immobilization of cellulases with a focus on ß-glucosidase, as well as the application of these immobilized systems to supplement commercial mixtures.

ß-Glucosidase produced by Moniliophthora perniciosa: Characterization and application in the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse.

ß-Glucosidases (BGLs) belong to the group of enzymes of cellulases and act in the last stage of cellulose degradation, releasing glucose molecules, eliminating the inhibitory effect of cellobiose. This study focused on the production, characterization, and application of BGL from Moniliophthora perniciosa in the hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse (3% NaOH + 6% Na2 SO3 ), with varying enzymatic loads and reaction times. The enzyme showed an optimum pH of 4.5 and 60°C. It was stable at all temperatures analyzed (50-90°C) and retained about 100% of its activity at 50°C after 60 min of incubation. Among the ions analyzed, BaCl2 increased BGL activity 9.04 ± 1.41 times. The maximum production of reducing sugars (89.15%) was achieved after 48 h with 10 mg of protein.

Inulinase from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa: immobilization and application in the production of fructooligosaccharides.

The crude extract containing inulinase from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was obtained by submerged fermentation. Inulinase was immobilized on chicken eggshell by physical adsorption and covalent crosslinking, using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking reagent, and Celite by adsorption. Fructooligosaccharides production was performed using immobilized inulinase (5%, w/v) and inulin substrate solution under experimental conditions evaluated through Doehlert experimental design. The production of inulinase was optimized for concentrations of D-glucose and yeast extract at 12.5 and 0.5 g/L, respectively, resulting in an optimal activity of 0.62 U. The optimal pH and temperature for enzyme activity were 8.0 and 75 °C, respectively, leading to an optimal activity of 3.54 U. The highest immobilization efficiency (46.27%) was obtained upon immobilization on Celite. Immobilization by adsorption to eggshell allowed for specific activity of 4.15 U/g, and adsorption to Celite resulted in specific activity of 3.70 U/g. The highest titer in fructooligosaccharides was obtained with an initial inulin concentration of 250 g/L (25%, w/v), and a reaction time of 16 h. Hence, immobilized inulinase proved to be a promising catalyst for fructooligosaccharides production since the formulation is performed through a simple, low-cost, and large-scale applicable methodology.

Exploring "wear and tear" of joints and "muscle function" assumptions in skeletons with known occupation at death.

OBJECTIVES: Changes in the joints are believed to result from "wear and tear," a consequence of activity, as entheseal changes (EC) result from muscle use. However, clinical data showed that activity does not necessarily increase the likelihood of degenerative joint changes (DJC) and that exercise results in healthier joints. We tested whether individuals with continuous repetitive biomechanical efforts (Group 1) were more likely to exhibit EC and if occupations known to exert strenuous but discontinued efforts (Group 2) would more likely cause DJC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-nine males with known occupations from Portuguese identified collections were used: shoemakers and carpenters (Group 1), workers (Group 2), and civil servants, and shop assistants as a control group. Major upper and lower limb joints and entheses sites were used. DJC and EC were tested between occupations - while controlling for age (overall approach) - and within occupation (occupation-specific approach). RESULTS: The overall approach showed that age - as a covariant - had a significant impact on DJC and EC development (p < 0.05), with occupation being non-significant (p > 0.05) despite the variability in the mean-values of lesions. The occupation-specific approach showed a significant variability of DJC and EC correlations, within and between occupations, with no clear trend of DJC and EC development according to occupation. DISCUSSION: The results showed that exploring overall patterns might conceal occupation-specific joint and muscle use, emphasizing age as a major contributor of changes; and that the occupation-specific approach highlighted particular aspects associated with occupations, allowing for a more informative assessment of strenuous repetitive or discontinuous activity-related technical gestures and their impact on skeletal biology.

Development of membranes based on carboxymethyl cellulose/acetylated arrowroot starch containing bromelain extract carried on nanoparticles and liposomes.

Polymeric membranes have been used in several applications, including their use as curatives in cutaneous wounds. Bromelain has long been used for anti-inflammatory purposes, so the objective of this work was to produce carboxymethylcellulose-acetylated blends, incorporate bromelain, characterize the systems, compare the blends with bromelain loaded in nanoparticles and liposomes and, finally, to evaluate their healing potential. Four membrane formulations were produced by solvent evaporation: the control, membranes containing free bromelain, bromelain-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) and bromelain-loaded liposomes (LIPs). The enzyme concentration was the same for all formulations. Transparent, flexible and intact films were obtained. The membranes containing free bromelain, bromelain-loaded NPs and bromelain-loaded LIPs had higher water content, lower water vapor permeability and maximum tensile strength, and greater elongation at rupture. The capacity to absorb simulated exudate was higher in samples containing free bromelain, and bioadhesion was reduced in the presence of free bromelain compared to the control. An in vivo assay was performed to verify the membranes' healing potential. Histological analysis revealed no edema on the 14th day in animals treated with membranes containing bromelain-loaded NPs and LIPs.

Clarification of tangerine juice using cellulases from Pseudoyma sp.

Tangerine juice was treated with crude extract containing cellulase from Pseudozyma sp. obtained by liquid fermentation. The thermal stability of cellulase was investigated by incubating crude extract at different temperatures and times. The pulp, obtained from tangerine, was pasteurized at 85 °C for 5 min and then used in a clarification process with a Doehlert experimental design. The results showed that the cellulase obtained from Pseudozyma sp. is thermostable at temperatures of 60, 70 and 90 °C and retained 98%, 88% and 80% of activity, respectively, after a 1-h incubation time. The optimum conditions for clarification were verified by varying the enzyme extract concentration (%, v v-1) and the time (minutes) in a shaker at 150 rpm, at 50 °C. The optimum condition for clarification was obtained in the 80th min with a 1.25% enzymatic extract concentration (v v-1), resulting in a reduction of tangerine juice viscosity by 65%. The analysis of physical and chemical parameters of tangerine juice after clarification showed that the enzyme extract improved the process responsible for the clarification of tangerine juice. The results are promising since this is a methodology that can be used in the citrus juice industry.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of α-d-mannan from Pseudozyma sp.

Pseudozyma sp. are yeasts that are commercially important due to their production of glycolipid biosurfactants, squalene, itaconic acid, and exopolysaccharide. The search for other analgesia inducing drugs, such as opiates and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as alternatives is beneficial. In this study, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions of α-d-mannan were studied using acetic acid-induced writhing, open field test, formalin test, and carrageenan-induced paw oedema tests in mice. The α-d-mannan obtained from Pseudozyma sp. was confirmed by methylation analysis, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis, and GC-MS. The results show that α-d-mannan from Pseudozyma sp. has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02635-1.