Nrdp1-mediated regulation of ErbB3 expression by the androgen receptor in androgen-dependent but not castrate-resistant prostate cancer cells.

Patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa) are initially susceptible to androgen withdrawal (AW), but ultimately develop resistance to this therapy (castration-resistant PCa, CRPC). Here, we show that AW can promote CRPC development by increasing the levels of the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB3 in androgen-dependent PCa, resulting in AW-resistant cell cycle progression and increased androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity. CRPC cell lines and human PCa tissue overexpressed ErbB3, whereas downregulation of ErbB3 prevented CRPC cell growth. Investigation of the mechanism by which AW augments ErbB3, using normal prostate-derived pRNS-1-1 cells, and androgen-dependent PCa lines LNCaP, PC346C, and CWR22 mouse xenografts, revealed that the AR suppresses ErbB3 protein levels, whereas AW relieves this suppression, showing for the first time the negative regulation of ErbB3 by AR. We show that AR activation promotes ErbB3 degradation in androgen-dependent cells, and that this effect is mediated by AR-dependent transcriptional upregulation of neuregulin receptor degradation protein-1 (Nrdp1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets ErbB3 for degradation but whose role in PCa has not been previously examined. Therefore, AW decreases Nrdp1 expression, promoting ErbB3 protein accumulation, and leading to AR-independent proliferation. However, in CRPC sublines of LNCaP and CWR22, which strongly overexpress the AR, ErbB3 levels remain elevated due to constitutive suppression of Nrdp1, which prevents AR regulation of Nrdp1. Our observations point to a model of CRPC development in which progression of PCa to castration resistance is associated with the inability of AR to transcriptionally regulate Nrdp1, and predict that inhibition of ErbB3 during AW may impair CRPC development.

Nuclear versus cytoplasmic localization of filamin A in prostate cancer: immunohistochemical correlation with metastases.

PURPOSE: We previously showed that nuclear localization of the actin-binding protein, filamin A (FlnA), corresponded to hormone-dependence in prostate cancer. Intact FlnA (280 kDa, cytoplasmic) cleaved to a 90 kDa fragment which translocated to the nucleus in hormone-naïve cells, whereas in hormone-refractory cells, FlnA was phosphorylated, preventing its cleavage and nuclear translocation. We have examined whether FlnA localization determines a propensity to metastasis in advanced androgen-independent prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We examined, by immunohistochemistry, FlnA localization in paraffin-embedded human prostate tissue representing different stages of progression. Results were correlated with in vitro studies in a cell model of prostate cancer. RESULTS: Nuclear FlnA was significantly higher in benign prostate (0.6612 +/- 0.5888), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN; 0.6024 +/- 0.4620), and clinically localized cancers (0.69134 +/- 0.5686) compared with metastatic prostate cancers (0.3719 +/- 0.4992, P = 0.0007). Cytoplasmic FlnA increased from benign prostate (0.0833 +/- 0.2677), PIN (0.1409 +/- 0.2293), localized cancers (0.3008 +/- 0.3762, P = 0.0150), to metastases (0.7632 +/- 0.4414, P < 0.00001). Logistic regression of metastatic versus nonmetastatic tissue yielded the area under the receiver operating curve as 0.67 for nuclear-FlnA, 0.79 for cytoplasmic-FlnA, and 0.82 for both, indicating that metastasis correlates with cytoplasmic to nuclear translocation. In vitro studies showed that cytoplasmic localization of FlnA induced cell invasion whereas nuclear translocation of the protein inhibited it. FlnA dephosphorylation with the protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 facilitated FlnA nuclear translocation, resulting in decreased invasiveness and AR transcriptional activity, and induced sensitivity to androgen withdrawal in hormone-refractory cells. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented in this study indicate that in prostate cancer, metastasis correlates with cytoplasmic localization of FlnA and may be prevented by cleavage and subsequent nuclear translocation of this protein.

Granular cell tumor of the urinary bladder with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and colocalization with adenocarcinoma.

Granular cell tumor of the bladder is exceptionally rare, with only 11 cases reported in the published reports. Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the overlying squamous epithelium has been observed in non-bladder granular cell tumors. We herein report the first case of bladder granular cell tumor to exhibit pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. This phenomenon is significant as it may potentially lead to difficulty in the distinction between infiltrative squamous cell carcinoma and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia in cases of granular cell tumor of the bladder. This case also represents the first granular cell tumor to demonstrate colocalization with adenocarcinoma of the bladder. Based on our findings and a review of the published reports, management for granular cell tumor of the bladder should involve a course of local resection combined with active surveillance given its typical benign course, albeit with the potential for local recurrence.