The Epidemiological Characteristics and Outcome of COVID-19 in Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis: A Multi-center Study in Iran.

The pandemic of COVID-19 emerged in December 2019. Although numerous features of the illness have been investigated, the impact of disease on those patients with underlying diseases, is still a major problem. The aim of this multicenter, cohort study, was to determine the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Five hundred and five patients, receiving PD, were enrolled in this study, out of which 3.7% had coronavirus infection. Fever was the most common symptom (63.2%). The hospitalization rate was 10.5, 21.1% required admission to intensive care units (ICU) and the mortality rate was 21%. The most common cause of infection included close contact with the infected individuals and lower rates of protective equipment use. Although the incidence of COVID-19 among PD patients is low, the severity of the disease and the mortality rate are quite high. Vaccination and adherence to preventive measures are strongly recommended in PD patients.  DOI: 10.52547/ijkd.7147.

Effects of Soy Isoflavones on Glycemic Parameters and Blood Pressure in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: High serum concentrations of glucose, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and hypertension are some of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease and peritoneal membrane fibrosis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Some investigations in nonuremic individuals have indicated that isoflavones can reduce serum glucose, blood pressure, and increase insulin sensitivity. However, such study in this field in PD patients is still lacking. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of isoflavones on serum glucose, fructosamine, AGEs, and blood pressure in PD patients. METHODS: This study was a randomized, double blind, placebocontrolled trial. Thirty-eight PD patients were randomly assigned to either the isoflavone group or the placebo. The patients in the isoflavone group received 100 mg/d soy isoflavone for 8 weeks, while the control group received corresponding placebo. At baseline and the end of the 8th week, 7 mL of blood was collected from each patient and serum glucose, fructosamine, carboxymethyl lysine, pentosidine, accompanied by systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured. RESULTS: Serum glucose and pentosidine reduced significantly in the isoflavone group at the end of 8th week compared with baseline (P < .05), whereas no statistically significant changes were observed in the placebo group. Serum carboxymethyl lysine, fructosamine, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures did not significantly change within each group during the study. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that soy isoflavones could decrease serum glucose and pentosidine in PD patients.

Effects of Ginger on Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

UNLABELLED: ♦ BACKGROUND: In peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease is lipid abnormalities. This study was designed to investigate the effects of ginger supplementation on serum lipids and lipoproteins in PD patients. ♦ METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 36 PD patients were randomly assigned to either the ginger or the placebo group. The patients in the ginger group received 1,000 mg ginger daily for 10 weeks, while the placebo group received corresponding placebos. At baseline and at the end of week 10, 7 mL of blood were obtained from each patient after a 12- to 14-hour fast, and serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)] were measured. ♦ RESULTS: Serum triglyceride concentration decreased significantly up to 15% in the ginger group at the end of week 10 compared with baseline (p < 0.01), and the reduction was significant in comparison with the placebo group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in mean changes of serum total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and Lp (a). ♦ CONCLUSION: This study indicates that daily administration of 1,000 mg ginger reduces serum triglyceride concentration, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, in PD patients.

Effects of ginger on serum glucose, advanced glycation end products, and inflammation in peritoneal dialysis patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ginger supplementation on serum glucose, advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress, and systemic and vascular inflammatory markers in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 36 patients on PD were randomly assigned to either the ginger or the placebo group. The patients in the ginger group received 1000 mg/d ginger for 10 wk, whereas the placebo group received corresponding placebos. At baseline and the end of week 10, serum concentrations of glucose, carboxymethyl lysine, pentosidine, malondialdehyde (MDA), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule type 1 (sVCAM-1), and sE-selectin were measured after a 12- to 14-h fast. RESULTS: Serum fasting glucose decreased significantly up to 20% in the ginger group at the end of week 10 compared with baseline (P < 0.05), and the reduction was significant in comparison with the placebo group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in mean changes of serum carboxymethyl lysine, pentosidine, MDA, hs-CRP, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and sE-selectin. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that daily administration of 1000 mg ginger reduces serum fasting glucose, which is a risk factor for hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, peritoneal membrane fibrosis, and cardiovascular disease, in patients on PD.

Seventeen years' experience of peritoneal dialysis in Iran: first official report of the Iranian peritoneal dialysis registry.

BACKGROUND: To facilitate planning, national renal registries provide reliable and up-to-date information on numbers of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), developing trends, treatment modalities, and outcomes. To that end, the present publication represents the first official report from Iranian Peritoneal Dialysis Registry. METHODS: The prevalence, demographics, and clinical characteristics of patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) were collected from all PD centers throughout the country. RESULTS: By the end of 2009, the prevalence of ESRD was 507 per million population in Iran. The most common renal replacement modality was hemodialysis (51.2%), followed by kidney transplantation (44.7%), and then PD (4.1%). The mean age of PD patients was 46 years, and the most common causes of ESRD were diabetes (33.5%), hypertension (24.4%), and glomerulonephritis (8.2%). Overall patient mortality was 25%, with cardiac events (46%), cerebral stroke (10%), and infection (8%) being the main causes of death. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survivals were 89%, 64%, and 49% respectively. The most common cause of dropout was peritonitis (17.6%). Staphylococcus (coagulase-negative and S. aureus) was the most prevalent causative organism in peritonitis episodes; however, in more than 50% of episodes, a sterile culture was reported. Mean baseline serum hemoglobin and albumin were 10.7 g/dL and 3.6 g/dL respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our registry results, representing the second largest report of PD in the Middle East, is almost comparable to available regional data. We hope that, in future, we can improve our shortcomings and lessen the gap with developed countries.

Effects of oral enalapril and verapamil on dialysis adequacy and solute clearance in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Peritoneal dialysis offers several advantages such as better clearance of intermediate/large molecules and better preservation of renal residual function when compared with hemodialysis. However, dialysis adequacy is one of the subjects of concern of this modality. There are some drugs that are capable of influencing solute transport in the peritoneum, such as acetyle co-enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) medications and calcium channel blockers. Captopril and Verapamil are often mentioned, but their use has shown varying conclusions and initial studies were performed with the intra-peritoneal administration of these drugs and there are only a few studies on the effect of the oral administration of these drugs. This study was undertaken with the aim to evaluate the effects of oral administration of Verapamil and Enalapril among continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. The results of this study showed that Verapamil and Enalapril do not have any effects on glucose, creatinine, sodium, potassium and urea clearance (during the 4-h peritoneal equilibration test (PET) test). However, it was shown that Enalapril significantly increased the peritoneal urea Kt/V and caused a meaningful decrease in the diastolic and mean blood pressures. Therefore, we feel that Enalapril may be administered as an anti-hypertensive medication of choice in CAPD patients, which can also result in better dialysis adequacy. However, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed in the future.

Effects of flaxseed consumption on systemic inflammation and serum lipid profile in hemodialysis patients with lipid abnormalities.

Inflammation and lipid abnormalities are two important risk factors for cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of flaxseed consumption on systemic inflammation and serum lipid profile in HD patients with lipid abnormalities. This was an unblinded, randomized clinical trial. Thirty HD patients with dyslipidemia (triglyceride >200 mg/dL and/or high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) <40 mg/dL) were randomly assigned to either a flaxseed or control group. Patients in the flaxseed group received 40 g/day ground flaxseed for 8 weeks, whereas patients in the control group received their usual diet, without any flaxseed. At baseline and at the end of week 8, 7 mL of blood was collected after a 12- to 14-hour fast and serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-C, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Serum concentrations of triglyceride (P < 0.01), total cholesterol (P < 0.01), LDL-C (P < 0.01), and CRP (P < 0.05) decreased significantly in the flaxseed group at the end of week 8 compared with baseline, whereas serum HDL-C showed a significant increase (P < 0.01). These changes in the flaxseed group were significant in comparison with the control group. The study indicates that flaxseed consumption improves lipid abnormalities and reduces systemic inflammation in HD patients with lipid abnormalities.

Epidemiology of culture-negative peritonitis in Iranian patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

INTRODUCTION: Culture-negative peritonitis is a major challenge in the treatment of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). This study aimed to evaluate the culture-negative peritonitis in patients from the Iranian CAPD Registry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of 1472 patients from 26 CAPD centers were analysed. Peritonitis was defined as any clinical suspicion together with peritoneal leukocyte count of 100/mL and more. RESULTS: The patients had been on PD for a mean of 500 ± 402 days. There were a total of 660 episodes of peritonitis observed among 299 patients (peritonitis rate of 1 episode in 34.1 patient-months). Excluding patients with both negative and positive culture results, there were 391 episodes of peritonitis in 220 patients (174 culture-positive episodes in 97 patients and 217 culture-negative episodes in 123). The 1- to 4-year patient survival rates were 85%, 75%, 69%, and 59% for the patients with culture-positive peritonitis, and 92%, 78%, 73% and 63% for the patients with culture-negative peritonitis, respectively (P = .34). The technique survival rates were 90%, 57%, 42%, and 27% and 95%, 85%, 74%, and 40%, respectively (P = .001). On follow-up, there were higher rates of active PD patients, lower rates of PD dropouts, and higher rates of kidney transplantation in patients with culture-negative peritonitis compared to those with culture-positive peritonitis. CONCLUSIONS: In our patients, the prevalence of culture-negative peritonitis was high (55.9%). Patient survival with culture-negative peritonitis was comparable to those with culture-positive peritonitis and technique survival was higher among those with culture-negative peritonitis.

The story of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in Iran.

Iran, a developing country with a population of approximately 71,000,000, is the most populous country in the Middle East and the 16th most populous in the world. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is US$8900 and total health expenditure is approximately 6% of GDP. The total number of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients reported by the Management Center for Transplantation and Special Diseases (MCTSD) was 32,686 in 2007, which denotes a prevalence of 466 per million population (pmp) in Iran. Considering the growth rate of 12%, the expected number of ESRD patients in 2010 is 40,000; incidence of ESRD is expected to be 63.8 pmp. These numbers are lower compared to developed countries, which may suggest poor referral and under-diagnosis of ESRD. In Iran at present, hemodialysis (HD) and renal transplantation are the most common renal replacement therapy (RRT) modalities, accounting for 47.7% and 48.8% of prevalent RRT patients respectively. Based on the Iran Dialysis Center report of 2001, approximately 1% of ESRD patients were being treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD); this number increased to approximately 3.5% (6.8% of total dialysis patients) in 2006. In the present article, reasons for underutilization of peritoneal dialysis (PD) and improvements in PD within the past 5 years will be reviewed.

Occult hepatitis B virus infection in hemodialysis patients with isolated hepatitis B core antibody: a multicenter study.

Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is characterized by presence of HBV infection with undetectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Occult HBV infection harbors potential risk of HBV transmission through hemodialysis (HD). The aim of this study was to assess the occult HBV infection in hemodialysis patients with isolated hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc). A total of 289 HD patients from five dialysis units in Tehran, Iran, were included in this study. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs), anti-HBc, Hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were tested in all subjects. The presence of HBV-DNA was determined quantitatively in plasma samples of HD patients with isolated anti-HBc (HBsAg negative, anti-HBs negative and anti-HBc positive) by real-time PCR using the artus HBV RG PCR kit on the Rotor-Gene 3000 real-time thermal cycler. Of 289 patients enrolled in this study, 18 subjects (6.2%, 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.5%-8.9%) had isolated anti-HBc. HBV-DNA was detectable in 9 of 18 patients (50%, 95% CI, 27%-73%) who had isolated anti-HBc. Plasma HBV-DNA load was less than 50 IU/ml in all of these patients. Our study showed that detection of isolated anti-HBc could reflect unrecognized occult HBV infection in HD patients. The majority of these infections are associated with low viral loads.

Effects of soy consumption on serum lipids and apoproteins in peritoneal dialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Lipid abnormalities, particularly high serum concentration of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], are one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of soy consumption on serum lipids and apoproteins, especially Lp(a), in PD patients. ♢ METHODS: This study was a randomized clinical trial in which 40 PD patients (20 males, 20 females) were randomly assigned to either the soy or the control group. Patients in the soy group received 28 g/day textured soy flour (containing 14 g of soy protein) for 8 weeks, whereas patients in the control group received their usual diet, without any soy. At baseline and the end of week 8 of the study, 5 mL of blood was collected from each patient after a 12- to 14-hour fast and serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), apoprotein B100 (apo B100), apoprotein AI (apo AI), and Lp(a) were measured. ♢ RESULTS: In the present study, serum Lp(a) concentrations were above the normal range in 86% of the PD patients. Mean serum Lp(a) concentration was reduced significantly, by 41%, in the soy group at the end of week 8 compared to baseline (p < 0.01); the reduction was also significant compared to the control group (p < 0.05). During the study, mean serum Lp(a) concentration did not change significantly in the control group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in mean changes in serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, apo B100, or apoAI. ♢ CONCLUSION: The results of our study indicate that soy consumption reduces serum Lp(a) concentration, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in peritoneal dialysis patients.

Predictors of patient survival in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: 10-year experience in 2 major centers in Tehran.

INTRODUCTION: Many factors have been proposed to be associated with higher mortality in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). However, the relative importance of these factors may differ among patients with different characteristics. We evaluated survival of patients on CAPD and its influencing factors in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 282 patients on CAPD between 1996 and 2006 at 2 major CAPD centers in Tehran. Patient survival was investigated during this period. Demographic characteristics, laboratory data, dialysis adequacy parameters, residual renal function, peritoneal transport characteristics, and nutritional status were assessed as potential predictors of the outcome. RESULTS: The mean duration of follow-up was 18.4 +/- 14.5 months. Sixty patients (21%) died during the studied period. In univariate analysis, age, body mass index, history and duration of hemodialysis before CAPD, diabetes mellitus, blood pressure, patient selection criteria, edema, peritonitis, renal residual function, urine volume, dialysis adequacy, and serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, intact parathyroid hormone, calcium, and albumin were predictors of patient survival. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that old age, diabetes mellitus, prior hemodialysis longer than 7 months, low serum albumin, calcium, trigelyceride, and parathyroid hormone levels independently predicted mortality, while the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors was associated with a better survival. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that older patients on CAPD and diabetics are at a higher risk of mortality. On the other hand, nutritional and metabolic factors are other predictors of mortality. Especial concern should be applied to good nutrition and treatment of comorbidities in these patients.

Description of an outbreak of acute sterile peritonitis in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of sterile or chemical peritonitis are uncommon and often not well documented. It is therefore important to describe the characteristics of sterile peritonitis in continuous peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. METHODS: Characteristics of acute chemical peritonitis (ACP) are described in 20 patients (5 males, 15 females; mean age 50 +/- 15 years; range 29 - 72 years). Cultures and Gram stains were negative for micro-organisms. All patients with symptoms of peritonitis were using glucose bags with the same lot number and resolution of peritonitis occurred only after changing the suspicious bags. The first measurements of dialysate-to-plasma creatinine (D/P creat) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) before and after ACP were compared in 14 patients with no separate episode of bacterial peritonitis during that time. RESULTS: Cloudy dialysate was observed in 19 patients and 13 experienced abdominal pain. Mean dialysate white blood cell count and percentage neutrophils were 520/mm(3) (range 100 - 1600/mm(3)) and 65% (range 14% - 98%) respectively. Analysis of the unused PD solution showed that endotoxin (0.06 endotoxin unit/mL), 5-hydroxymethyl furaldehyde (8 microg/mL), and acetaldehyde (0.4 microg/mL) concentrations were within acceptable ranges. In 14 patients without episodes of bacterial peritonitis, D/P creat was significantly higher after than before ACP (0.77 +/- 0.07 vs 0.55 +/- 0.1, p = 0.036), whereas GFR was not (4.5 +/- 2.9 vs 4.9 +/- 2.53 mL/minute, p = 0.62). CONCLUSION: Although chemical peritonitis in glucose-based PD solution is uncommon, it should be distinguished from bacterial peritonitis in outbreaks of peritonitis. Facilities to measure glucose degradation products are required, especially in developing countries. Acute chemical peritonitis increases small-molecule transport in the short term.

Efficacy of folate and vitamin B12 in lowering homocysteine concentrations in hemodialysis patients.

To evaluate the efficacy of supplementation with high dose folic acid with and without vitamin B 12 in lowering plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations in hemodialysis (HD) patients, we studied 36 HD patients randomized into four groups according to the received therapeutic regimen: group I (only folic acid (FA), 5 mg/day), group II (FA, 5 mg/day + vitamin B 12 , 1 mg/day) group III (only FA, 15 mg/day), group IV (FA, 15 mg/day, vitamin B 12 , 1 mg/day) for a period of 8 weeks. Plasma tHcy and serum FA and vitamin B 12 levels were measured at baseline and after the supplementation period. Dietary intakes were assessed during the study period. At baseline, 27.8% of the patients had normal levels of tHcy and 72.2% had hyperhomocysteinemia. After supplementation, plasma tHcy increased by 1.35% in group I and decreased by 6.99%, 14.54% and 30.09% in groups II, III and IV respectively, which was only significant in group IV (P= 0.014). The patients did not show any significant changes in serum folic acid, but a significant change in serum vitamin B 12 in group IV (P= 0.006). Percentage of patients reaching normal levels of plasma tHcy was 5.6 fold higher in group IV than in the reference group (group I). No correlations were found between changes of plasma tHcy levels and dietary intakes. We conclude that oral supplementation with 15 mg/day folic acid together with 1 mg/day of vitamin B 12 is effective in reducing tHcy levels in HD patients. These supplements also have a desirable effect on serum folic acid and vitamin B12.

Practical strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality of natural catastrophes: a retrospective study based on Bam earthquake experience.

BACKGROUND: Critical analysis of shortcomings of emergency medical management of earthquake casualties will provide an invaluable insight to improve outcomes for future events. Using a critical analysis methodology to evaluate the quality of emergency medical management after Bam earthquake, we suggest a practical strategic approach to decrease morbidity and mortality after such events. METHODS: We designed a questioner to register the basic demographic data and the key biologic parameters of all rescued victims arriving in hospitals. Based on that questioner a data bank was created and used for different analyses. In addition, published official reports and on the scene observations of our nephrologist colleagues were other sources of our data. RESULTS: Bam earthquake was publicly announced more than six hours after its occurrence. The earliest time when local and international rescue teams arrived at the scene was 12 hours after the disaster. Fifty-four percent of hospital inpatients had been admitted on the second or third day after the earthquake. The mean time of being under the rubble was 4.8+/-4.9 hours. The mean time between extrication and initiation of intravenous fluid infusion was 18.9 hours (min: 10 minutes, max: 96 hours). CONCLUSION: Problems encountered in the aftermath of the Bam earthquake were related to the lack of prepared action plan and data management system. Here, we present a specifically designed earthquake chart. By following the chart, rescue paramedic personnel and emergency medical teams will be able to recognize high-risk victims, in order to provide timely medical management.

Antibody response to influenza immunization in kidney transplant recipients receiving either azathioprine or mycophenolate: a controlled trial.

AIMS: We aimed to assess humoral immune response to the influenza vaccine in adult kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) subjected to two immunosuppressive regimens containing either mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or azathioprine (Aza). METHODS: 40 eligible KTRs (24 treated with Aza [KTRs-Aza] and 16 treated with MMF [KTRs-MMF]) and 40 matched healthy controls (HCs) were administered the trivalent 2006-2007 anti-influenza vaccine. Antibody (Ab) titers were measured before (pre-vacc) and 1 month after (post-vacc) vaccination. The proportion of protective Ab titers (i.e. >or=1:40), the serological response (i.e. >or=4-fold rise in titers) rates, and the magnitudes of change in titers were evaluated. RESULTS: KTRs and HCs were similar in serologic responses, magnitudes of change in Ab titers, and proportions of acquired protective titers against all antigens. Whereas KTRs-MMF and KTRs-Aza were identical in magnitude of rise in titers as well as in serologic responses, KTRs-MMF did poorer in developing post-vacc-protective titers against A/H1N1 (p < 0.05). The function of the transplanted kidney has not deteriorated after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-influenza vaccination was safe in KTRs and evoked Ab responses comparable to those of HCs. KTRs-MMF and KTRs-Aza responded almost equally to the vaccine. Annual anti-influenza vaccination can be recommended to all stable KTRs.

Soy protein intake, cardiorenal indices, and C-reactive protein in type 2 diabetes with nephropathy: a longitudinal randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Several short-term trials on the effect of soy consumption on cardiovascular risks are available, but little evidence exists regarding the impact of long-term soy protein consumption among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. To determine the effects of long-term soy consumption on cardiovascular risks, we measured C-reactive protein (CRP) and kidney function indexes among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This longitudinal randomized clinical trial was conducted among 41 type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy (18 men and 23 women). Twenty patients in the soy protein group consumed a diet containing 0.8 g protein/kg body weight (35% animal proteins, 35% textured soy protein, and 30% vegetable proteins) and 21 patients in the control group consumed a similar diet containing 70% animal proteins and 30% vegetable proteins for 4 years. RESULTS: Soy protein consumption significantly affected cardiovascular risks such as fasting plasma glucose (mean change in the soy protein versus control groups: -18 +/- 3 vs. 11 +/- 2 mg/dl; P = 0.03), total cholesterol (-23 +/- 5 vs. 10 +/- 3 mg/dl; P = 0.01), LDL cholesterol (-20 +/- 5 vs. 6 +/- 2 mg/dl; P = 0.01), and serum triglyceride (-24 +/- 6 vs. -5 +/- 2 mg/dl; P = 0.01) concentrations. Serum CRP levels were significantly decreased by soy protein intake compared with those in the control group (1.31 +/- 0.6 vs. 0.33 +/- 0.1 mg/l; P = 0.02). Significant improvements were also seen in proteinuria (-0.15 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.02 +/- 0.01 g/day; P = 0.001) and urinary creatinine (-1.5 +/- 0.9 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.3 mg/dl, P = 0.01) by consumption of soy protein. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal soy protein consumption significantly affected cardiovascular risk factors and kidney-related biomarkers among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.

Hepatitis G virus exposure in dialysis staff.

Hepatitis G virus (HGV) is a blood-borne virus. Some present data demonstrate an occupational risk of HGV infection in medical staff of dialysis units. The aim of this investigation was to assess the prevalence of HGV exposure in dialysis staff. This study was performed in a main dialysis unit in Iran. In 27 dialysis staff, HGV exposure was detected serologically by the presence of anti HGV envelope protein E2 (anti-E2) by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and compared with 77 hemodialysis (HD) and 13 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. All of them were also screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs), and hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV). A low prevalence of HGV exposure was found in the dialysis staff (0%), which nearly corresponded to the prevalence of the dialysis patients (HD 3.89%, CAPD 0%). The prevalence of anti-HCV and anti-HBs in staff was 37.03% and 33.33%, respectively, which was higher than HGV anti-E2. The prevalence of HGV exposure was low in dialysis staff in our study, and was near to the prevalence of HGV exposure in dialysis patients. Therefore, it can be concluded that the occupational risk for HGV exposure in our investigation was minimal.

Hepatitis G virus exposure in dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis G virus (HGV) is a blood-borne virus. The predominant route of its transmission is parenteral. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of HGV exposure in haemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients in Iran. METHODS: This study was performed in a major dialysis centre in Tehran, Iran. The study cohort consisted of 77 patients on HD and 13 patients on CAPD. The presence of anti-HGV envelope protein E2 (anti-E2) in the blood serum, as determined by means of an ELISA assay, indicated HGV exposure. All patients were also screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) and hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV). In patients who tested positive for anti-E2, HGV RNA was detected by RT-PCR using primers derived from the NS5A region of the viral genome. RESULTS: In total, 3.89% of the HD patients and none of the CAPD patients tested positive for anti-E2. None of the patients tested positive for HGV RNA. The mean age of the anti-E2-positive patients was 53.3 +/- 26.5 years, with 66.66% having previously received blood transfusion. The mean duration of dialysis of the anti-E2-positive patients was 68 +/- 64 months. Co-infection with HCV or HBV was not observed in the anti-E2 positive patients. CONCLUSION: The rate of exposure to HGV was low among the dialysis patients in our study. The appearance of anti-E2 was accompanied by clearance of serum HGV-RNA. No relationship was noted between HGV exposure and age, sex, history of blood transfusion, time on dialysis and HCV or HBV markers.