ABSTRACT
Immunostimulatory properties of mushroom derived polysaccharides (PS) as stand-alone agents were tested. Next, PS were nanocomplexed with polyI:C (pIC) to yield stable nanoparticles around 200 nm in size evidenced by atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering analyses. PSs were selectively engaged by cells expressing TLR2 and initiated NFκB dependent signaling cascade leading to a Th1-biased cytokine/chemokine secretion in addition to bactericidal nitric oxide (NO) production from macrophages. Moreover, cells treated with nanoparticles led to synergistic IL6, production and upregulation of TNFα, MIP3α, IFNγ and IP10 transcript expression. In mice, PS-Ovalbumin-pIC formulation surpassed anti-OVA IgG responses when compared to either PS-OVA or pIC-OVA mediated immunity. Our results revealed that signal transduction initiated both by TLR2 and TLR3 via co-delivery of pIC by PS in nanoparticle depot delivery system is an effective immunization strategy. The present work implicate that the PS and nucleic acid based nanoparticle approach along with protein antigens can be harnessed to prevent infectious diseases.
Subject(s)
Immunization , Interferon Inducers/immunology , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Poly I-C/immunology , Polysaccharides/immunology , Adjuvants, Immunologic , Agaricales/chemistry , Animals , Cell Line , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Humans , Interleukin-16/immunology , Interleukin-18/immunology , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Microscopy, Atomic Force , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Toll-Like Receptors/immunology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
In this study UV/TiO2, electro-Fenton (EF), wet-air oxidation (WAO), and UV/electro-Fenton (UV/EF) advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been applied to degrade Reactive Red 120 (RR120) dye in aqueous solution. The most efficient method on decolorization and mineralization of RR120 was observed to be WAO process. Photocatalytic degradation of RR120 by UV/TiO2 have been studied at different pH values. At pH 3 photocatalytic degradation kinetics of RR120 successfully fitted to Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetics model. The values of second order degradation rate (k") constant and adsorption constant (K) were determined as 4.525 mg L(-1) min(-1) and 0.387 L mg(-1), respectively. Decolorization efficiency observed in the order of WAO > UV/TiO2 = UV/EF > EF while WAO > UV/TiO2 > UV/EF > EF order was observed in TOC removal (mineralization). For all AOPs, it was found that degradation products in reaction mixture can be disposed safely to environment after 90 min treatment.
