Ketamine as an Adjunct Therapy in Acute Severe Asthma: An In-Depth Review of Efficacy and Clinical Implications.

Acute severe asthma, formerly named status asthmaticus, is defined as a life-threatening asthma exacerbation that is refractory to the current standards of treatment such as the use of beta-agonists and epinephrine. This complication of asthma affects up to 15% of individuals with asthma and despite critical care treatment and hospitalization, there remains a staggeringly high 10-18% mortality rate in an intensive care unit setting. The addition of ketamine to the arsenal of acute severe asthma treatment due to its rapid onset, variable routes of administration, and overall improved clinical efficacy in treatment-refractory cases has been well investigated and documented. Ketamine's anti-inflammatory properties, bronchodilatory effects, and well-documented history contribute to its ability to provide a significant clinical asthma score (CAS) reduction and improvement on pulmonary readings, such as peak expiratory flow (PEF), while providing a well-researched adverse effect profile. This article serves to analyze and review the benefits and risks of incorporating ketamine into the standard treatment regimen for patients suffering from acute severe asthma and discusses the implications of such implementation.

A Review of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor's Clinical Efficacy in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Heart failure (HF) poses a significant healthcare burden, with distinct subtypes based on ventricular function. HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) presents unique epidemiological and mechanistic features compared to HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The pathophysiology of HFpEF is complex and involves multiple factors. Current pharmacological therapies for HFpEF remain suboptimal, with inconsistent mortality outcomes observed despite improvements in symptoms and quality of life. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have emerged as promising agents in HF management and hospitalizations, particularly in HFpEF patients. The cardioprotective mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors are multifactorial. In this article, we performed a comprehensive review of SGLT2 inhibitor use in HFpEF and discussed the implications in the management of HF.

Exploring the Efficacy of Midodrine for Tapering Off Vasopressors.

Sepsis and septic shock represent critical conditions, often necessitating vasopressor support in the intensive care unit (ICU). Midodrine, an oral vasopressor, has gathered attention as a potential adjunct to vasopressor therapy, aiming to facilitate weaning and improve clinical outcomes. However, the efficacy of midodrine remains questionable, with conflicting evidence from clinical trials and meta-analyses. This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on midodrine's role in ICU settings by gathering evidence from multicenter trials, retrospective studies, and meta-analyses. While some studies suggest a limited benefit of midodrine in expediting vasopressor weaning and reducing ICU/hospital stays, others report potential advantages, particularly in reducing mortality rates among septic shock patients. Ongoing efforts aim to address knowledge gaps surrounding midodrine's efficacy and safety.

Current and Novel Treatment Modalities of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) presents a clinical challenge characterized by progressive fibrosis and destruction of lung tissue. Despite recent advancements, including antifibrotic medications like pirfenidone and nintedanib, IPF remains a chronic and often fatal condition with limited treatment options. This article provides an overview of the current treatment modalities for IPF and explores the need for new therapeutic approaches. Antifibrotic medications have shown efficacy in slowing disease progression but are not curative and may not be suitable for all patients. Ongoing research focuses on emerging therapies such as stem cell therapy, immunomodulatory agents, and novel pharmacological targets like phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) inhibitors. While these treatments offer promise, there remains an unmet need for effective therapies capable of halting or reversing fibrotic lung damage.