Comparison of the Ivermectin and Lopinavir/Ritonavir Treatment Outcomes among COVID-19 Mild to Moderate Cases in Kaduna State.

BACKGROUND: Ivermectin has been a popular anti-parasitic drug since the late 1970s. The promising result of in-vitro studies on the antiviral activity of the drug has led clinicians in many countries to use this drug to treat COVID-19 patients. This study determined and compared the mean number of days at clinical recovery for mild to moderate cases of COVID -19 treated with Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Alluvia) and Ivermectin at the Kaduna State Infectious Disease Control Centres. METHODS: This was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted among 300 mild to moderate COVID- 19 cases enrolled for the study. The outcome variables were the time required for the resolution of symptoms from the onset and at commencement of the treatment regimens. Data were collected from patient folders using a questionnaire. Data were analysed with the IBM SPSS Version 25.0 and STATA/SE 13. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The mean recovery time (MRT) from symptom onset was significantly lower for Covid-19 patients treated with ivermectin (7.15±4.18 days) compared to lopinavir/ritonavir (9.7±5.3 days), 95%CI=7.37-9.62. Multivariate logistic regression showed that there was no significant relationship between the patients age (AOR=0.36, 95%CI=0.09-1.49), sex (AOR=0.34,95%CI=0.54-5.93), educational status (AOR=1.04, 95%CI=0.3-3.57), marital status (AOR=0.55,95%CI=0.14-2.11) place of treatment (AOR=1.66, 95%CI=0.54-5.11) and MRT. There was also no significant relationship between patients' comorbid chronic illness (AOR=0.83, 95%CI=0.27-2.61) and MRT. CONCLUSION: The mean recovery time for COVID-19 patients managed with ivermectin was slightly lower than for the lopinavir/ ritonavir regimen. RECOMMENDATION: Clinical trials to further prove the efficacy of Ivermectin as a supportive therapy in clinical management of mild to moderate cases of COVID-19 in this setting should be carried out.

CONTEXTE: L'ivermectine a été un médicament antiparasitaire populaire depuis la fin des années 1970. Le résultat prometteur d'études in vitro sur l'activité antivirale du médicament a conduit les cliniciens de nombreux pays à utiliser ce médicament pour traiter les patients atteints de COVID-19. Cette étude a déterminé et comparé le nombre moyen de jours de récupération clinique pour les jours légers à cas modérés de COVID-19 traités par Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Alluvions) et ivermectine à la maladie infectieuse de l'État de Kaduna Centres de contrôle. MÉTHODES: Il s'agissait d'une étude comparative transversale menée auprès de 300 cas légers à modérés de COVID-19 inscrits pour l'étude. Les variables de résultat étaient le temps requis pour la résolution des symptômes dès le début et au début de la schémas thérapeutiques. Les données ont été recueillies à partir des dossiers des patients à l'aide d'un questionnaire. Les données ont été analysées avec version 25.0 du IBM SPSS et STATA/SE 13. La signification statistique a été fixée à p<0.05. RÉSULTATS: Le temps moyen de récupération (TRM) à partir de l'apparition des symptômes était significativement plus faible chez les patients Covid-19 traités par l'ivermectine(7.15±4.18 jours) par rapport au lopinavir/ritonavir (9.7±5.3 jours), IC à 95 % = 7.37 à 9.62. La régression logistique multivariée a montré qu'iln'avait pas de relation significative entre l'âge des patients (AOR = 0.36, IC à 95 % = 0.09 à 1.49), sexe (AOR = 0.34, 95 % IC = 0.54 à 5.93), education statut (AOR =1.04, IC à 95 % = 0.3­3.57), état matrimonial(AOR = 0.55, 95% IC = 0.14­2.11) lieu de traitement (AOR = 1.66, IC à 95 % = 0.54 à 5.11) et TRM. Il n'y avait pas non plus de relation entre la maladie chronique comorbide des patients (AOR = 0.83, IC à 95 % = 0.27 à 2.61) et TRM. CONCLUSION: Le temps de récupération moyen pour les patients atteints de COVID-19 gérés avec de l'ivermectine était légèrement inférieur à celui du lopinavir/régime de ritonavir. RECOMMANDATION: Essais cliniques pour prouver l'efficacité de l'ivermectine comme traitement de soutien dans la prise en charge clinique des cas lègers à modérés de COVID-19 dans ce contexte devraient être effectués. Mot-clés: Ivermectine, Alluvie, Traitement, MRT, Essai clinique, COVID-19.

Data set on performance and relative exhaust emission (REE) characteristics of fish oil ethyl ester with fuel preheating in diesel engine.

The present data article is centered on the research work which examines the effect of fuel preheating on DI diesel engine fuelled with Fish Oil Ethyl Ester (FOEE). Kirloskar TV1 model water cooled diesel engine with eddy current dynamometer was used in the experiment. Crude fish oil was converted into FOEE using transesterification process. The physical and chemical properties of FOEE were examined based on American Standards for Testing Materials (ASTM) biodiesel standards and data's were offered. To achieve better engine characteristics, a fuel preheater was designed and fabricated to work at different temperatures (60, 70 and 80 °C). Fuel preheating temperatures were achieved using three different shell and tube heat exchanger at various dimensions. Heat exchanger was designed to work with waste heat obtained from the engine exhaust. Engine tailpipe emission was recorded using AVL make 444 di-gas analyzer and smoke was measured using AVL make 437C free accelerometer smoke meter. Data related to fuel samples like neat diesel, FOEE blends with and without fuel preheating were presented.

Therapeutic and Safety Evaluation of Combined Aqueous Extracts of Azadirachta indica and Khaya senegalensis in Chickens Experimentally Infected with Eimeria Oocysts.

Coccidiosis is a disease of economic importance in poultry causing morbidity and mortality. Reports show that Azadirachta indica and Khaya senegalensis have been used individually in the treatment of avian coccidiosis. We thus investigated the efficacy and safety of the combined aqueous extracts of these plants for the treatment of experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler chickens using oocyst count, oxidative stress biomarkers, serum biochemistry, histology, and haematological parameters. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and steroids in both extracts. In addition, alkaloids and flavonoids were present in Azadirachta indica. There was significant (p < 0.05) dose dependent decrease in oocyst count across the treatment groups with 400 mg/kg of the combined extract being the most efficacious dose. Immunomodulatory and erythropoietic activity was observed. There were decreased intestinal lesions and enhanced antioxidant activity across the treatment groups compared to the negative control. Administration of the combined extract did not cause damage to the liver as ALT, AST, and ALP levels were significantly reduced in the uninfected chickens treated with the extracts compared to control suggesting safety at the doses used. The combined aqueous extracts of K. senegalensis stem bark and Azadirachta indica leaves were ameliorative in chickens infected with coccidiosis.

Aflatoxin contamination of Nigerian foods and feedingstuffs.

Human foods and animal feeds, and ingredients used for their preparation or formulation in Nigeria, were surveyed between 1988 and 1991 for the presence of the fungal metabolite and animal carcinogen aflatoxin. Groundnut and groundnut-containing materials were the most heavily contaminated, the highest value (1862 ppb) being found in a groundnut cake sample. This mycotoxin was also detected occasionally, but to a lesser extent, in some grains and cereals that are of nutritional importance in human foods and the livestock industry in Nigeria. The toxicological implications of this finding are discussed in relation to human health and animal production.