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1.
Subst Use Misuse ; 59(1): 1-9, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37727109

ABSTRACT

Background: Latino Day Laborers (LDL) face a variety of factors which have been associated with at-risk drinking. The objective of this study was to assess the association of at-risk drinking with measures of work site conditions. Methods: Data from surveys conducted with 307 LDL in Houston, TX in 2015 were analyzed. Sociodemographic information and measures of exposures to hazardous products at the worksite, adverse working conditions, and work stressors were collected. Measures of positive working climate at the jobsite and a climate that promoted jobsite safety were also included. Participants were administered the Hazardous Use items from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test of Consumption (AUDIT-C). Participants were classified as low-risk or at-risk drinkers based on AUDIT-C score. Logistic regression models were run to assess the associations of the sociodemographic and worksite related variables with drinking status. Results: One-hundred-five (34.2%) participants were classified as at-risk drinkers. At-risk drinking was associated with past-month income, being formerly married (compared to having never married), and lack of housing. At-risk drinking was also associated with measures of a positive working climate and a climate that promoted jobsite safety. Conclusions: One-third of our participants were classified as at-risk drinkers. At-risk drinking was associated with stressors in the form of lack of housing and no longer having a spouse but was also associated with increased income and with positive workplace factors. At-risk drinking was thus a function of both stressors and positive factors, including a positive work site.


Subject(s)
Alcoholism , Hispanic or Latino , Workplace , Humans , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Working Conditions
2.
Health Promot Int ; 37(6)2022 Dec 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36367426

ABSTRACT

Latino day laborers (LDL) are a vulnerable population of workers facing considerable risk for occupational injury. Under the guidance of our Community Advisory Board, we developed and tested the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effects of Vales+Tú (You Are Worth More), a workplace injury risk-reduction program implemented by promotores on street-corners where LDL seek employment. The program was informed by theoretical perspectives emphasizing individual and group agency and self-determination. A pilot three-arm cluster-randomized community trial was conducted among 75 LDL. The intervention arms consisted of an individualized Brief Motivational Interview, a Group Problem Solving activity and a standard of care control (OSHA safety cards). We met our study goal of 25 LDL per intervention arm, and contacted 88% of participants post intervention. Participants evaluated the interventions favorably. At post-test, the Brief Motivational Interview group reported significant reductions in exposure to workplace hazards and increases in risk-reduction practices. The Group Problem Solving participants showed significant reductions in exposure to hazards (t-test -4.16, p < 0.001). Both intervention groups increased their reliance on corner peers, a measure of social support. Standard of care participants increased in self-efficacy to work safely. Overall, the only significant different between the three study conditions was in self-efficacy. These findings provide evidence of the feasibility and acceptability of Vales+Tú and show preliminary program efficacy. A large-scale replication trial will permit a more formal modeling of the study findings. Clinical Trial Registration (ClinicalTrials.gov): NCT04378348.


This pilot-randomized trial tested the feasibility and initial efficacy of an injury risk-reduction program among Latino day laborers (LDL). The study tested two alternative interventions consisting of a Brief Motivational Interview (Individual) and a Group Problem Solving (Group) conditions that were compared with a Standard-of-Care control group receiving safety cards. We then tested the extent to which the study conditions reduced exposure to workplace hazards and increased safety practices at work. Results indicate that intervening at day labor corners is a feasible intervention strategy acceptable to these immigrant workers. Initial results also indicate that there were multiple within-group significant differences in risk reduction, mostly in the individual condition, and that there was one significant between-group difference in safety self-efficacy at post-test. A larger more rigorous trial can further test the stability of these results and determine the extent to which these intervention approaches can reduce the risk for injury that LDL confront at work.


Subject(s)
Occupational Injuries , Workplace , Humans , Pilot Projects , Hispanic or Latino , Employment
3.
Am J Health Promot ; 36(7): 1083-1093, 2022 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35514063

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a telephone navigation intervention for increasing use of cancer control services among underserved 2-1-1 callers. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: 2-1-1 call centers in Houston and Weslaco, Texas (located in the Rio Grande Valley near the Mexican border). PARTICIPANTS: 2-1-1 callers in need of Pap test, mammography, colorectal cancer screening, smoking cessation counseling, and/or HPV vaccination for a daughter (n = 1,554). A majority were low-income and described themselves as Black or Hispanic. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomly assigned to receive either a cancer control referral for the needed service(s) with telephone navigation from a trained cancer control navigator (n = 995) or a referral only (n = 559). MEASURES: Uptake of each individual service and any needed service. ANALYSIS: Assessed uptake in both groups using bivariate chi-square analyses and multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusted for sociodemographic covariates. Both per-protocol and intent-to-treat approaches were used. RESULTS: Both interventions increased cancer control behaviors. Referral with navigation intervention resulted in significantly greater completion of any needed service (OR = 1.38; p = .042), Pap test (OR = 1.56; p = .023), and smoking cessation counseling (OR = 2.66; p = .044), than referral-only condition. Other outcomes showed the same trend although the difference was not statistically significant: mammography (OR = 1.53; p = .106); colorectal cancer screening (OR = 1.80; p = .095); and HPV vaccination of a daughter (OR = 1.61; p = .331). CONCLUSION: Adding cancer control referrals and navigation to an informational service like the 2-1-1 program can increase overall participation in cancer control services.


Subject(s)
Colorectal Neoplasms , Papillomavirus Infections , Smoking Cessation , Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Colorectal Neoplasms/prevention & control , Early Detection of Cancer/methods , Humans , Smoking Cessation/methods , Telephone
4.
J Immigr Minor Health ; 24(4): 987-995, 2022 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35094213

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Given the stigma of their undocumented status and their high prevalence of workplace injury, understanding the impact of discrimination on Latino day laborers (LDLs) is a critical public health issue. METHODS: We surveyed LDLs (N = 149) and assessed their sociodemographics, experiences of and perceived reasons for discrimination, and work-related injury. A logistic regression examined the association between discrimination and injury, adjusting for sociodemographics. Next, Chi-square tests identified perceived reasons for discrimination associated with injury which were then included in a second logistic regression to test their association with injury, adjusting for discrimination and sociodemographics. RESULTS: Participants reported a work-related injury (42%) and experiences of discrimination (81%). Discrimination was associated with injury in the first model (aOR = 2.25, p = 0.049), and discrimination attributed to immigration status was associated with injury in the second model (aOR = 5.04, p = 0.019). DISCUSSION: Injury prevention programs should account for perceived mistreatment to reduce LDL risk for injury at work.


Subject(s)
Occupational Injuries , Cross-Sectional Studies , Hispanic or Latino , Humans , Perceived Discrimination , Workplace
5.
Ethn Dis ; 31(Suppl 1): 345-356, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34045836

ABSTRACT

Background: Although wage theft has been discussed primarily as a labor and human rights issue, it can be conceptualized as an issue of structural racism with important consequences for immigrant health. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to: 1) identify sociodemographic, employment, and stress-related characteristics that increase Latino day laborers' odds of experiencing wage theft; 2) assess the association between wage theft and serious work-related injury; 3) assess the association between wage theft and three indicators of mental health-depression, social isolation, and alcohol use-as a function of wage theft; and 4) assess serious work-related injury as a function of wage theft controlling for mental health. Methods: Secondary data analyses were based on survey data collected from 331 Latino day laborers between November 2013 and July 2014. Regression analyses were conducted to test the relationships described above. Results: Approximately 25% of participants reported experiencing wage theft and 20% reported serious work-related injury. Wage theft was associated with working in construction and was initially associated with work-related injury. Wage theft was not significantly associated with mental health indicators. The association between wage theft and injury became non-significant when controlling for the mental health variables. Conclusions: The hardship and stress associated with wage theft incidents may ultimately lead to more frequent injury. Although we expected an association of wage theft with mental health, we found vulnerability to physical health as indicated by injury incidents. Thus, our basic premise was partially supported: wage theft may act as a stressor that stems from conditions, in part, reflecting structural racism, making workers vulnerable to poorer health.


Subject(s)
Emigrants and Immigrants , Racism , Hispanic or Latino , Humans , Mental Health , Salaries and Fringe Benefits , Theft
6.
Prev Med ; 145: 106446, 2021 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33548363

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: We examined the effectiveness of a lay health worker (promotora)-delivered intervention on increasing breast and cervical cancer screening among low-income, primarily uninsured Latinas living in El Paso, Texas. METHODS: In 2015, Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening (BCCS) program promotoras recruited Latinas overdue for breast and/or cervical cancer screening in community settings. Promotoras consented eligible women and conducted baseline surveys before individually randomizing women into control (n = 313) or intervention (n = 314) groups. Control participants received printed material providing basic information about breast and cervical cancer screening.Intervention participants received promotora-delivered one-on-one breast and cervical cancer screening education followed by navigation calls, providing assistance to address personal and logistic barriers to accessing clinical services. We assessed breast and cervical cancer screening outcomes using a 6-month follow-up survey. Per protocol (PP) and intent to treat (ITT) analyses are reported. RESULTS: At follow-up, among women in need of breast cancer screening, those in the intervention group were significantly more likely to complete a mammogram than those in the control group (PP: 53.4% vs. 40.1%, p = .013; ITT: 47.9% vs. 35.2%, p = .011). Among women in need of Pap screening, only intervention group women 50 years and older were more likely to complete a Pap screening compared with control group women (PP: 64.5% vs. 43.5%, p = .019). CONCLUSIONS: A promotora-delivered behavioral intervention, embedded in a community-based organization, increased mammography uptake in all women and Pap uptake among women 50 years and older in a sample of low-income Latinas. NCT04397744.


Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Early Detection of Cancer , Female , Hispanic or Latino , Humans , Mammography , Mass Screening , Texas , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis
7.
Women Health ; 60(10): 1206-1217, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32990199

ABSTRACT

Vietnamese nail salon workers have low cancer screening rates and confront multiple socioeconomic disparities as immigrants to the US. The Suc Khoe là Hanh Phúc (Vietnamese for "Health is Happiness") program was adapted to the cultural and work needs of this population and implemented at nail salons to increase cancer screening adherence. A total of 186 study participants were recruited from 59 nail salons in a neighborhood with mostly Asian population. After being pretested, workers were enrolled in a cancer education session delivered by Vietnamese lay health workers. Non-adherent cases were offered navigation to cancer screening services to a local federally qualified health center. Participants completed a posttest survey five months, on average. At posttest, navigated non-adherent participants were more likely to report a recent Pap test compared to cases not navigated (83.8% vs. 50.0%), an effect not observed for mammography uptake (77.3% vs. 71.4%). Time in the US, marital status, insurance status, having a primary care provider and/or a gynecologist were significantly associated with cancer screening adherence. Low rates of adherence to cancer screening among Vietnamese nail salons workers can be improved by community based programs addressing cultural and work-related barriers confronted by this population.


Subject(s)
Asian/psychology , Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Promotion/methods , Mammography/statistics & numerical data , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control , Vaginal Smears/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Asian/statistics & numerical data , Early Detection of Cancer , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Middle Aged , Patient Acceptance of Health Care , Program Development , Program Evaluation , Surveys and Questionnaires , Texas/epidemiology , Vietnam/ethnology
8.
J Health Care Poor Underserved ; 31(2): 791-809, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33410808

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Latino day laborers face substantial injuries at work. We present a comprehensive assessment of their injury experience and explore the predictors of selfreported injuries. METHODS: Worker and injury characteristics were collected from 331 day laborers using an innnovative injury assessment tool. The odds of injury were estimated using a logistic regression. RESULTS: Participants were foreign-born, Spanish monolingual, and employed in construction. Sixty-seven individuals reported 88 past-year injuries, mostly involving the upper or lower extremities. Injuries were caused by moving heavy objects, falling, or being struck an object. Of the documented injuries, 24% were not reported at work due to fear of being fired; 64.4% resulted in missed workdays, 54.0% in temporary incapacitation, and 34.5% in permanent incapacitation. Being married significantly reduced the odds of reporting an injury. DISCUSSION: Better documentation can inform the development of better policy protections that ameliorate injuries experienced by Latino day laborers at the workplace.


Subject(s)
Workplace , Wounds and Injuries , Accidents, Occupational , Hispanic or Latino , Humans , Logistic Models , Self Report , Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology
9.
Ethn Health ; 23(4): 425-441, 2018 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28100070

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Research indicates social integration and social isolation are related to health, and Latino day laborers (LDLs) tend to be socially isolated and, thus, at high risk for adverse health consequences. relationships among social isolation, social integration, self-rated health (SRH), and demographics were examined in a sample of LDLs to contribute to the literature on social networks and health in this and other migrant populations. DESIGN: We analyzed data from 324 LDLs who participated in Proyecto SHILOS (Salud del Hombre Inmigrante Latino), a Houston-based survey of Latino immigrant men's health. Based on the literature, we hypothesized SRH would be (1) positively associated with social integration and (2) negatively associated with social isolation. All proposed measures were first entered into a correlation matrix to identify significant bivariate relationships (p ≤ .05, two-tailed). Associations between variables that were directly correlated with SRH and variables that were, in turn, proximally associated with these variables were then used to develop a structural equation path model of SRH. Individual paths in the model were measured for significance, and goodness of fit was assessed by the model chi-square, the Comparative Fit Index, and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation. RESULTS: Inconsistent with the first hypothesis, SRH was negatively associated with social integration, as measured by the number of trusted friends. Consistent with the second hypothesis, SRH was negatively associated with social isolation, as measured by needing someone to talk to. More frequent contact with family was also negatively associated with social isolation. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest social integration may not always protect and promote health. Therefore, assessing the quality of LDLs' different relationships, not just the quantity, is vital. Future studies should further analyze the effects that social resources have on perceptions of social isolation and health in LDLs and other migrant populations.


Subject(s)
Emigrants and Immigrants , Interpersonal Relations , Social Isolation , Social Networking , Adult , Demography , Diagnostic Self Evaluation , Emigrants and Immigrants/psychology , Emigrants and Immigrants/statistics & numerical data , Hispanic or Latino/psychology , Hispanic or Latino/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Protective Factors , Risk Factors , Social Support , United States/epidemiology
10.
J Immigr Minor Health ; 18(3): 710-714, 2016 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26265029

ABSTRACT

Migrant farmworkers are disproportionately affected by many adverse health conditions, but access healthcare sparingly. This study of migrant farmworkers examined the distribution and general characteristics associated with having access to healthcare. Access to healthcare was measured by asking whether the participants (N = 413) had a primary care physician. Majority of participants did not have a primary care physician. Female migrant workers (AOR = 2.823 CI: 1.575-4.103) with insurance (AOR = 6.183 CI: 4.956-11.937) who lived at study site for more than 5 years (AOR = 2.728 CI: 1.936-7.837) and born in the United States (AOR = 2.648 CI: 1.373-3.338) had greater odds to have a primary care physician than recent male migrants without insurance who were born outside United States. There is a need to focus on Community Health Centers and Migrant Health Centers in tailoring their services and to widen the implementation and improve funding of Accountable Care Organizations to improve access to care of migrant farmworkers.


Subject(s)
Farmers/statistics & numerical data , Patient-Centered Care/statistics & numerical data , Physicians, Primary Care/statistics & numerical data , Transients and Migrants/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Agriculture , Female , Health Services Accessibility , Humans , Insurance, Health , Male , Middle Aged , Sex Factors , United States , Young Adult
11.
J Immigr Minor Health ; 17(3): 696-703, 2015 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25047403

ABSTRACT

Latinos have lower colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) and survival rates compared to other race/ethnic groups. This cross-sectional study examines relationships between acculturation, access to and utilization of healthcare services, and CRCS in low-income Latinos. Bilingual data collectors conducted structured interviews with 544 Latino men and women (>50 years) residing in the Texas-Mexico border area. Using a hierarchical logistic regression model, we examined the relationship between lifetime history of any CRCS test and indicators of acculturation, healthcare utilization and access to care, adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics. Survey results revealed a 34% prevalence of CRCS. Participants reporting a provider recommendation for screening, regular check-ups, higher acculturation level, and health insurance had significantly increased odds of CRCS. Findings indicate CRCS intervention research in Latinos should focus on (1) increasing physicians' recommendations for screening, (2) promoting regular check-ups, (3) and increasing CRC prevention efforts on less acculturated and uninsured groups.


Subject(s)
Acculturation , Colorectal Neoplasms/prevention & control , Early Detection of Cancer , Health Services Accessibility , Hispanic or Latino , Poverty , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Insurance, Health/statistics & numerical data , Male , Middle Aged , Texas
12.
AIDS Care ; 24(2): 220-31, 2012.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21780981

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of brief group interventions, the positive choices intervention (PCI) and a standard intervention (SI), to increase condom use and intention to use condoms and to change condom use attitudes and beliefs. The design of the study was a randomized comparative trial. Participants were 347 heterosexual African American crack cocaine users living with HIV infection. Data were collected at intake and at three and nine months after intake. Behavioral and sociocognitive data were collected. Although both brief interventions achieved positive results, there were significant differences in outcomes between the interventions groups. The mean number of sex partners was significantly lower in the PCI group at three months. The proportion of those assigned to the PCI reporting sex with a paid partner significantly decreased, while the proportion disclosing their serostatus to their partners increased. There were no significant differences on these measures in the SI group. Significant time effects were found on measures of condom use, condom use attitudes, and self-efficacy beliefs. These measures significantly increased from intake to one month for both groups. One significant time-by-group effect was found. The measure of situational self-efficacy significantly increased in the PCI group, but not the SI group. Results also showed significant time-by-time effects. Mean condom use, intention to use condoms, attitudes, and condom use self-efficacy beliefs showed significant difference between three and nine months. However, there was no clear pattern of change. Findings suggest that brief group interventions designed to reduce HIV can help heterosexual drug users living with HIV infection increase condom use and intention to use condoms and change condom use attitudes and beliefs. A significant time-by-group effect was observed only for situational self-efficacy, suggesting limited additional efficacy of the PCI intervention. Given similar positive findings between groups, more research is needed to determine which components of brief interventions produce changes in motivations and risk behaviors.


Subject(s)
Condoms/statistics & numerical data , HIV Infections , Health Education/methods , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Promotion/methods , Safe Sex/psychology , Adult , Cocaine-Related Disorders/psychology , Crack Cocaine , Female , HIV Infections/prevention & control , HIV Infections/psychology , Heterosexuality , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Program Evaluation , Risk-Taking , Young Adult
13.
Arch Sex Behav ; 39(6): 1353-8, 2010 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20628803

ABSTRACT

The AIDS epidemic in the United States continues to disproportionately affect minorities of color, especially African Americans. The purpose of this study was to explore the sexual behaviors of a sample of African American HIV positive crack smokers aware of their serostatus. Participants (100 men, 37 women) were included in this study based on the following criteria: a minimum age of 18 years, HIV positive serostatus, treatment with HIV antiretroviral medications for a minimum of 3 months prior to interview, crack cocaine use at least once in the 7 days prior to being interviewed, willingness to provide a urine sample to confirm recent drug use, and vaginal or anal sex at least once in the past 7 days. The questionnaire was a compilation of other reliable surveys and was designed to collect sociodemographic data, drug use, sexual behavior, condom use intentions and motivators, STD and HIV infection history, HIV medications, and adherence requirements. Participants reported having 1,266 different partners in the 30 days prior to the interview and had traded sex for money or drugs with 68%. A total of 79 participants had multiple partners and accounted for 1,247 partnerships. Rates of consistent condom use across partnerships were low, indicating that more interventions in this at-risk population are needed.


Subject(s)
Black or African American/psychology , Cocaine-Related Disorders/psychology , Crack Cocaine/adverse effects , Drug Users/psychology , HIV Seropositivity/psychology , Sexual Behavior/psychology , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Male , Middle Aged , Sex Factors , Sexual Behavior/statistics & numerical data , Sexual Partners/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young Adult
14.
AIDS Behav ; 14(1): 48-58, 2010 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18161020

ABSTRACT

The sample for this study consisted of 692 sexually active African-American crack cocaine users living in Houston, TX who reported more than one sexual partner in the previous 30 days. Participants were asked to describe each of their two most recent partners from a list of eight choices: spouse/like a spouse/lover; close friend/friend/acquaintance/customer you like/customer. Analyses were conducted on the 1,384 partners and 692 partnership combinations reported. Partnerships and partnership patterns were examined with respect to three risk behaviors-unprotected sex, alcohol use to accompany sex, and drug use to accompany sex-and with respect to three affective measures-partner intimacy, condom use responsibility, and condom use self-efficacy. Results indicate that while many partnerships were based on trading sex for money or drugs, many participants reported partners they considered a spouse or friend. Risk behaviors and affective measures were found to differ by partner type.


Subject(s)
Cocaine-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Crack Cocaine , Sexual Partners , Smoking , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Catchment Area, Health , Condoms/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Male , Prevalence , Risk-Taking , Sexual Behavior , Surveys and Questionnaires , Texas/epidemiology , Young Adult
15.
AIDS Educ Prev ; 21(5): 474-83, 2009 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19842830

ABSTRACT

Injection drug use has recently emerged in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors associated with increased risk of testing HIV-positive in a sample of injection drug users (IDUs) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Participants were recruited by a trained outreach worker or were referred by IDUs who had completed the study. Blood specimens and self-reported socioeconomic and behavioral data were collected from 315 male and 219 female IDUs. Data were analyzed using univariate odds ratios and multivariate logistic regression modeling. Forty-two percent of the sample tested HIV-positive. Several socioeconomic, injection, and sexual factors were found to be associated with increased odds of testing HIV-positive. Multivariate analysis showed that having had sex more than 81 times in past 30 days, earning less than 100,000 shillings (US$76) in the past month, residency in Dar es Salaam for less than 5 years, and injecting for 3 years were independently associated with the greatest risk of infection. The rate of HIV infection in this sample of IDUs was found to be very high, suggesting that injection drug use may be a factor in the continuing epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. The factors associated with increased risk of HIV infection suggest further research is needed on the needle use and sexual networks of IDUs.


Subject(s)
HIV Seropositivity/epidemiology , HIV Seroprevalence , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology , AIDS Serodiagnosis/methods , AIDS Serodiagnosis/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Drug Users/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Multivariate Analysis , Risk Factors , Sexual Behavior , Socioeconomic Factors , Tanzania/epidemiology , Young Adult
16.
AIDS Behav ; 11(1): 137-44, 2007 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17004117

ABSTRACT

This study investigated differences in drug use and sexual behaviors among from 237 male and 123 female heroin users in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Multivariate models of risk of needle sharing were estimated using multivariate logistic regression. Men were significantly older, more likely to inject only white heroin, share needles, and give or lend used needles to other injectors. Women were more likely to be living on the streets, have injected brown heroin, have had sex, have had a higher number of sex partners, and have used a condom with the most recent sex partner. Being male and earning less than US $46 in the past month were significant predictors of increased risk of needle sharing. Despite differences in sociodemographic, drug use, and sexual behaviors by gender, both male and female injectors in Dar es Salaam exhibit elevated risk of HIV infection associated with drug use.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/transmission , Risk-Taking , Sexual Behavior , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/psychology , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Needle Sharing , Odds Ratio , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Tanzania/epidemiology
17.
AIDS Behav ; 11(6): 789-811, 2007 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17180724

ABSTRACT

We describe a gradient of potential HIV transmission from HIV-infected persons to their partners and thence to uninfected populations. The effect of this newly discovered transmission gradient is to limit the spread of HIV. We roughly estimate a 2% long-term transmission probability for sex and 14% for drug injection for two-step transmission. Then we test theories to account for this pattern on a network sample of 267 inner city drug users and nonusers. Although HIV positive persons engaged in a high level of risk with one another, they engaged in less risk with HIV negative partners, and these partners engaged in even lower levels of risk with other HIV negative persons. Analyses suggest that the primary motivation for sexual risk reduction is partner protection, while emotional closeness is the major barrier. Hypotheses accounting for risk in terms of self protection, social norms, gender power, and drug use were weakly supported or unsupported.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/transmission , Risk-Taking , Sexual Behavior , Social Support , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications , Adolescent , Adult , Female , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Male , Middle Aged , Power, Psychological , Risk Reduction Behavior , Sexual Partners
18.
AIDS Educ Prev ; 18(3): 204-15, 2006 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16774463

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acceptability and the comparative efficacy of brief HIV risk reduction interventions to increase condom use during paid anal sex by street-based male sex workers (MSWs). Of the 399 street-based MSWs who participated in the evaluation of acceptability, 112 participated in the evaluation of efficacy. Acceptability was evaluated by assessing completion rates. Intervention efficacy was assessed across two brief interventions, a "standard" and a "standard-plus" interventions. The primary outcome of concern was condom use during paid anal sexual encounters. In addition to this variable, changes in drug use, needle use, condom use beliefs, and condom use intention were also assessed. Results showed that almost two thirds of MSWs enrolled in a brief intervention completed it. Completion rates varied by age, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and HIV status. Condom use during paid anal sex increased postintervention. In addition, condom use intentions, positive condom use outcome expectations, and condom use normative expectations increased preintervention to postintervention. However, there were no significant differences between the standard and the standard-plus brief interventions in any of the outcomes measured. Brief interventions to reduce the HIV risks are acceptable to MSWs and are efficacious for reducing unprotected anal sex during paid sexual encounters.


Subject(s)
Condoms , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Risk Reduction Behavior , Sex Work , Sexual Behavior , Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Needle Sharing/psychology , Program Evaluation , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Texas , Unsafe Sex/prevention & control
19.
Clin Infect Dis ; 37 Suppl 5: S433-8, 2003 Dec 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14648460

ABSTRACT

The transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other communicable diseases is socially organized. Public health attempts to reduce HIV transmission have admonished persons to reduce their risks--in effect, to act as if their partners are or could be HIV-seropositive. Therefore, a good test of the effectiveness of public health messages is to compare the riskiness of behaviors among HIV-seronegative persons with the riskiness of the behavior of serodiscordant partners. Data were collected for a network study of 267 drug users and nonusers in an urban inner city. Results show that in most of the domains studied, persons with HIV-seronegative partners engaged in less risky behavior than did persons whose partners were HIV-seropositive. This result suggests that risk reduction messages have been relatively successful in convincing most persons to treat their partner as if he or she were HIV-seropositive.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/prevention & control , HIV Seronegativity/physiology , HIV Seropositivity/psychology , HIV , Risk-Taking , Awareness , Communication , HIV Infections/psychology , HIV Infections/transmission , Humans , Patient Education as Topic , Safe Sex , Sexual Partners/psychology
20.
Health Policy ; 64(2): 221-8, 2003 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12694957

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT: Drug use is a primary route for the transmission of the Hepatitis C virus (HCV). A substantial proportion of welfare recipients have been shown to be substance abusers. In addition, federal legislation has imposed limits on the number of months individuals may receive benefits and has mandated most recipients to participate in a 'work activity' in exchange for benefits. HCV symptoms may inhibit welfare recipients' ability to seek and maintain employment. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of HCV in a sample of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) recipients and the effects of HCV antibody seropositivity on employability. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The sample for this study consisted of 380 individuals participating in a longitudinal study of employment patterns among TANF recipients in Houston, TX, funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Private interviews regarding welfare receipt, employment, and drug use were conducted at intake into the study and at 4-month intervals for one year. Participants agreed to a one-time blood test. Blood samples were tested for the presence of HCV antibodies by enzyme linked immunoassay. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Employment status over time by HCV antibody status. RESULTS: Overall, 12% of all participants tested positive for the presence of HCV antibodies. A significantly greater proportion of chronic drug users (31%) than non-drug users (4%) tested positive for the presence of Hepatitis C antibodies. Those who tested positive for hepatitis C had significantly lower rates of employment. CONCLUSIONS: Potential infection with Hepatitis C may constitute an employment barrier for many welfare recipients.


Subject(s)
Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Public Assistance/statistics & numerical data , Social Welfare , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications , Adult , Aid to Families with Dependent Children/statistics & numerical data , Employment , Female , Humans , Logistic Models , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Prevalence , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology , Texas/epidemiology
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