ABSTRACT
A novel dual excitation wavelength based bioaerosol sensor with multiple fluorescence bands called Spectral Intensity Bioaerosol Sensor (SIBS) has been assessed across five contrasting outdoor environments. The mean concentrations of total and fluorescent particles across the sites were highly variable being the highest at the agricultural farm (2.6â¯cm-3 and 0.48â¯cm-3, respectively) and the composting site (2.32â¯cm-3 and 0.46â¯cm-3, respectively) and the lowest at the dairy farm (1.03â¯cm-3 and 0.24â¯cm-3, respectively) and the sewage treatment works (1.03â¯cm-3 and 0.25â¯cm-3, respectively). In contrast, the number-weighted fluorescent fraction was lowest at the agricultural site (0.18) in comparison to the other sites indicating high variability in nature and magnitude of emissions from environmental sources. The fluorescence emissions data demonstrated that the spectra at different sites were multimodal with intensity differences largely at wavelengths located in secondary emission peaks for λex 280 and λex 370. This finding suggests differences in the molecular composition of emissions at these sites which can help to identify distinct fluorescence signature of different environmental sources. Overall this study demonstrated that SIBS provides additional spectral information compared to existing instruments and capability to resolve spectrally integrated signals from relevant biological fluorophores could improve selectivity and thus enhance discrimination and classification strategies for real-time characterisation of bioaerosols from environmental sources. However, detailed lab-based measurements in conjunction with real-world studies and improved numerical methods are required to optimise and validate these highly resolved spectral signatures with respect to the diverse atmospherically relevant biological fluorophores.
ABSTRACT
Biomass burning is a known source of brown carbon aerosol in the atmosphere. We collected filter samples of biomass-burning emissions at three locations in Canada and the United States with transport times of 10 h to >3 days. We analyzed the samples with size-exclusion chromatography coupled to molecular absorbance spectroscopy to determine absorbance as a function of molecular size. The majority of absorption was due to molecules >500 Da, and these contributed an increasing fraction of absorption as the biomass-burning aerosol aged. This suggests that the smallest molecular weight fraction is more susceptible to processes that lead to reduced light absorption, while larger-molecular-weight species may represent recalcitrant brown carbon. We calculate that these large-molecular-weight species are composed of more than 20 carbons with as few as two oxygens and would be classified as extremely low volatility organic compounds (ELVOCs).
Subject(s)
Biomass , Carbon , Aerosols , Air Pollutants , Atmosphere/chemistry , CanadaABSTRACT
Internal mixtures of montmorillonite, a clay component of mineral dust, with sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate were studied optically using cavity ring down spectroscopy. The effects of the addition of the clay to the optically observed deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) and water uptake of these salts were considered by investigating a series of different salt mass fractions. In most cases, montmorillonite alters the hygroscopic properties, lowering the DRH in comparison to the pure salt, and causes the particles to transition from solid to liquid at a lower relative humidity than is expected based on the salt alone. Predictions based on volume-weighted mixing rules were not accurate for most measurements around the DRH. We attribute deviations from theory to changes in the Gibbs free energy of the system caused by disturbances in the ion-ion interactions and lattice structure allowing water uptake prior to the DRH of the salt. Our optical results contradict some current measurements in the literature that suggest little change in the hygroscopic behavior of salts when insoluble mineral dust components are added.
