Normative longitudinal EEG recordings during sleep stage II in the first year of age.

The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a fundamental diagnostic procedure that explores brain function. This manuscript describes the characteristics of a sample of healthy at-term infants. One hundred and three (103) infants from Mexico between 15 days and 12.5 months of age were recorded during physiological sleep. Referential EEG recordings were obtained using linked ear lobes as reference. The amplifier gain was 10,000, the bandwidth was set between 0.3 and 30 Hz, and the sample rate was 200 Hz. Sample windows of 2.56 s were marked for later quantitative analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first dataset of normal infants during the first year of age.

Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG).

This paper extends frequency domain quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) methods pursuing higher sensitivity to detect Brain Developmental Disorders. Prior qEEG work lacked integration of cross-spectral information omitting important functional connectivity descriptors. Lack of geographical diversity precluded accounting for site-specific variance, increasing qEEG nuisance variance. We ameliorate these weaknesses. (i) Create lifespan Riemannian multinational qEEG norms for cross-spectral tensors. These norms result from the HarMNqEEG project fostered by the Global Brain Consortium. We calculate the norms with data from 9 countries, 12 devices, and 14 studies, including 1564 subjects. Instead of raw data, only anonymized metadata and EEG cross-spectral tensors were shared. After visual and automatic quality control, developmental equations for the mean and standard deviation of qEEG traditional and Riemannian DPs were calculated using additive mixed-effects models. We demonstrate qEEG "batch effects" and provide methods to calculate harmonized z-scores. (ii) We also show that harmonized Riemannian norms produce z-scores with increased diagnostic accuracy predicting brain dysfunction produced by malnutrition in the first year of life and detecting COVID induced brain dysfunction. (iii) We offer open code and data to calculate different individual z-scores from the HarMNqEEG dataset. These results contribute to developing bias-free, low-cost neuroimaging technologies applicable in various health settings.

EEG effective connectivity during the first year of life mirrors brain synaptogenesis, myelination, and early right hemisphere predominance.

INTRODUCTION: The maturation of electroencephalogram (EEG) effective connectivity in healthy infants during the first year of life is described. METHODS: Participants: A cross-sectional sample of 125 healthy at-term infants, from 0 to 12 months of age, underwent EEG in a state of quiet sleep. PROCEDURES: The EEG primary currents at the source were described with the sLoreta method. An unmixing algorithm was applied to reduce the leakage, and the isolated effective coherence, a direct and directed measurement of information flow, was calculated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Initially, the highest indices of connectivity are at the subcortical nuclei, continuing to the parietal lobe, predominantly the right hemisphere, then expanding to temporal, occipital, and finally the frontal areas, which is consistent with the myelination process. Age-related connectivity changes were mostly long-range and bilateral. Connections increased with age, mainly in the right hemisphere, while they mainly decreased in the left hemisphere. Increased connectivity from 20 to 30 Hz, mostly at the right hemisphere. These findings were consistent with right hemisphere predominance during the first three years of life. Theta and alpha connections showed the greatest changes with age. Strong connectivity was found between the parietal, temporal, and occipital regions to the frontal lobes, responsible for executive functions and consistent with behavioral development during the first year. The thalamus exchanges information bidirectionally with all cortical regions and frequency bands. CONCLUSIONS: The maturation of EEG connectivity during the first year in healthy infants is very consistent with synaptogenesis, reductions in synaptogenesis, myelination, and functional and behavioral development.

The Cuban Human Brain Mapping Project, a young and middle age population-based EEG, MRI, and cognition dataset.

The Cuban Human Brain Mapping Project (CHBMP) repository is an open multimodal neuroimaging and cognitive dataset from 282 young and middle age healthy participants (31.9 ± 9.3 years, age range 18-68 years). This dataset was acquired from 2004 to 2008 as a subset of a larger stratified random sample of 2,019 participants from La Lisa municipality in La Habana, Cuba. The exclusion criteria included the presence of disease or brain dysfunctions. Participant data that is being shared comprises i) high-density (64-120 channels) resting-state electroencephalograms (EEG), ii) magnetic resonance images (MRI), iii) psychological tests (MMSE, WAIS-III, computerized go-no go reaction time), as well as iv,) demographic information (age, gender, education, ethnicity, handedness, and weight). The EEG data contains recordings with at least 30 minutes in duration including the following conditions: eyes closed, eyes open, hyperventilation, and subsequent recovery. The MRI consists of anatomical T1 as well as diffusion-weighted (DWI) images acquired on a 1.5 Tesla system. The dataset presented here is hosted by Synapse.org and available at https://chbmp-open.loris.ca .

A Quantitative EEG Toolbox for the MNI Neuroinformatics Ecosystem: Normative SPM of EEG Source Spectra.

The Tomographic Quantitative Electroencephalography (qEEGt) toolbox is integrated with the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) Neuroinformatics Ecosystem as a docker into the Canadian Brain Imaging Research Platform (CBRAIN). qEEGt produces age-corrected normative Statistical Parametric Maps of EEG log source spectra testing compliance to a normative database. This toolbox was developed at the Cuban Neuroscience Center as part of the first wave of the Cuban Human Brain Mapping Project (CHBMP) and has been validated and used in different health systems for several decades. Incorporation into the MNI ecosystem now provides CBRAIN registered users access to its full functionality and is accompanied by a public release of the source code on GitHub and Zenodo repositories. Among other features are the calculation of EEG scalp spectra, and the estimation of their source spectra using the Variable Resolution Electrical Tomography (VARETA) source imaging. Crucially, this is completed by the evaluation of z spectra by means of the built-in age regression equations obtained from the CHBMP database (ages 5-87) to provide normative Statistical Parametric Mapping of EEG log source spectra. Different scalp and source visualization tools are also provided for evaluation of individual subjects prior to further post-processing. Openly releasing this software in the CBRAIN platform will facilitate the use of standardized qEEGt methods in different research and clinical settings. An updated precis of the methods is provided in Appendix I as a reference for the toolbox. qEEGt/CBRAIN is the first installment of instruments developed by the neuroinformatic platform of the Cuba-Canada-China (CCC) project.

Validating Non-invasive EEG Source Imaging Using Optimal Electrode Configurations on a Representative Rat Head Model.

The curtain of technical limitations impeding rat multichannel non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG) has risen. Given the importance of this preclinical model, development and validation of EEG source imaging (ESI) is essential. We investigate the validity of well-known human ESI methodologies in rats which individual tissue geometries have been approximated by those extracted from an MRI template, leading also to imprecision in electrode localizations. With the half and fifth sensitivity volumes we determine both the theoretical minimum electrode separation for non-redundant scalp EEG measurements and the electrode sensitivity resolution, which vary over the scalp because of the head geometry. According to our results, electrodes should be at least ~3 to 3.5 mm apart for an optimal configuration. The sensitivity resolution is generally worse for electrodes at the boundaries of the scalp measured region, though, by analogy with human montages, concentrates the sensitivity enough to localize sources. Cramér-Rao lower bounds of source localization errors indicate it is theoretically possible to achieve ESI accuracy at the level of anatomical structures, such as the stimulus-specific somatosensory areas, using the template. More validation for this approximation is provided through the comparison between the template and the individual lead field matrices, for several rats. Finally, using well-accepted inverse methods, we demonstrate that somatosensory ESI is not only expected but also allows exploring unknown phenomena related to global sensory integration. Inheriting the advantages and pitfalls of human ESI, rat ESI will boost the understanding of brain pathophysiological mechanisms and the evaluation of ESI methodologies, new pharmacological treatments and ESI-based biomarkers.

3D statistical parametric mapping of quiet sleep EEG in the first year of life.

This paper extends previously developed 3D SPM for Electrophysiological Source Imaging (Bosch et al., 2001) for neonate EEG. It builds on a prior paper by our group that established age dependent means and standard deviations for the scalp EEG Broad Band Spectral Parameters of children in the first year of life. We now present developmental equations for the narrow band log spectral power of EEG sources, obtained from a sample of 93 normal neonates from age 1 to 10 months in quiet sleep. The main finding from these regressions is that EEG power from 0.78 to 7.5 Hz decreases with age and also for 45-50 Hz. By contrast, there is an increase with age in the frequency band of 19-32 Hz localized to parietal, temporal and occipital areas. Deviations from the norm were analyzed for normal neonates and 17 with brain damage. The diagnostic accuracy (measured by the area under the ROC curve) of EEG source SPM is 0.80, 0.69 for average reference scalp EEG SPM, and 0.48 for Laplacian EEG SPM. This superior performance of 3D SPM over scalp qEEG suggests that it might be a promising approach for the evaluation of brain damage in the first year of life.

Bayesian M/EEG source reconstruction with spatio-temporal priors.

This article proposes a Bayesian spatio-temporal model for source reconstruction of M/EEG data. The usual two-level probabilistic model implicit in most distributed source solutions is extended by adding a third level which describes the temporal evolution of neuronal current sources using time-domain General Linear Models (GLMs). These comprise a set of temporal basis functions which are used to describe event-related M/EEG responses. This places M/EEG analysis in a statistical framework that is very similar to that used for PET and fMRI. The experimental design can be coded in a design matrix, effects of interest characterized using contrasts and inferences made using posterior probability maps. Importantly, as is the case for single-subject fMRI analysis, trials are treated as fixed effects and the approach takes into account between-trial variance, allowing valid inferences to be made on single-subject data. The proposed probabilistic model is efficiently inverted by using the Variational Bayes framework under a convenient mean-field approximation (VB-GLM). The new method is tested with biophysically realistic simulated data and the results are compared to those obtained with traditional spatial approaches like the popular Low Resolution Electromagnetic TomogrAphy (LORETA) and minimum variance Beamformer. Finally, the VB-GLM approach is used to analyze an EEG data set from a face processing experiment.

Bayesian model averaging in EEG/MEG imaging.

In this paper, the Bayesian Theory is used to formulate the Inverse Problem (IP) of the EEG/MEG. This formulation offers a comparison framework for the wide range of inverse methods available and allows us to address the problem of model uncertainty that arises when dealing with different solutions for a single data. In this case, each model is defined by the set of assumptions of the inverse method used, as well as by the functional dependence between the data and the Primary Current Density (PCD) inside the brain. The key point is that the Bayesian Theory not only provides for posterior estimates of the parameters of interest (the PCD) for a given model, but also gives the possibility of finding posterior expected utilities unconditional on the models assumed. In the present work, this is achieved by considering a third level of inference that has been systematically omitted by previous Bayesian formulations of the IP. This level is known as Bayesian model averaging (BMA). The new approach is illustrated in the case of considering different anatomical constraints for solving the IP of the EEG in the frequency domain. This methodology allows us to address two of the main problems that affect linear inverse solutions (LIS): (a) the existence of ghost sources and (b) the tendency to underestimate deep activity. Both simulated and real experimental data are used to demonstrate the capabilities of the BMA approach, and some of the results are compared with the solutions obtained using the popular low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) and its anatomically constraint version (cLORETA).