ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To develop a lameness model to assess the efficacy of analgesics for alleviating pain, swelling and systemic signs of inflammation in sheep. PROCEDURES: The response to subcutaneous injection of 0.1 or 0.2 mL turpentine in a forelimb pastern (n = 4 ewes per dose) was examined at 0, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h. In a second experiment, responses were measured at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h in ewes receiving 0.1 mL turpentine ± meloxicam 1 mg/kg IV at 0 h (n = 6 per group). Responses measured included forceplate pressure, skin temperature, limb circumference, nociception, leucocyte count, neutrophil : lymphocyte ratio, haptoglobin and daily feed intake. RESULTS: Turpentine injection caused a decrease in weight borne on the treated limb, increased skin temperature, increased sensitivity at the injection site and leucocytosis by 2 h and increased limb circumference by 4 h. Weight borne and sensitivity of the injected limb returned to control levels after around 24 h, whereas tissue swelling, elevated skin temperature and elevated haptoglobin levels persisted for at least 72 h. Treatment with meloxicam improved weight borne by and tolerance to pressure exerted on the turpentine-injected limb. CONCLUSIONS: The local and systemic signs of inflammation and pain, temporary reduction in function of the affected limb and partial amelioration of some of these changes by the dose of meloxicam used here suggest that injection of turpentine in the lower forelimb provides a suitable model for examining the efficacy of analgesics for alleviation of pain and inflammation in sheep.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Lameness, Animal/drug therapy , Pain/veterinary , Sheep Diseases/drug therapy , Thiazines/pharmacology , Thiazoles/pharmacology , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage , Body Temperature , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Combinations , Irritants/administration & dosage , Irritants/pharmacology , Lameness, Animal/blood , Meloxicam , Pain/drug therapy , Sheep , Sheep Diseases/blood , Thiazines/administration & dosage , Thiazoles/administration & dosage , Turpentine/administration & dosage , Turpentine/pharmacologyABSTRACT
A 55-year-old worker was exposed to propionitrile by both the inhalational and dermal routes. He rapidly lost consciousness and developed metabolic acidosis consistent with cyanide poisoning. Treatment with hydroxycobalamin and sodium thiosulfate produced complete symptom resolution within an hour. Serial blood cyanide and thiocyanate levels documented a rapid decrease in cyanide and concomitant increase in thiocyanate. Serious cyanide poisoning can occur from propionitrile exposure. Treatment with hydroxycobalamin and sodium thiosulfate can produce rapid clinical improvement.
