ABSTRACT
PYR, a reversible AChE inhibitor, is the current pretreatment against OP intoxication. However, PHY in the presence or absence of SCO on one side, and HUP on the other side, could be considered as potential substitutes for PYR. In the present study, the effects of the subchronic administration of these different current or potential pretreatments on the BBB permeability for blood-borne albumin and on the activity of the blood and central cholinesterases are comparatively evaluated in guinea-pigs. Altogether, although some marginal disruptions of BBB are detected, the different current or potential pretreatments studied seem to have a total innocuousness on the permeability of the BBB for proteins. Finally, at the light of its particular inhibitory effects on blood and central cholinesterases, HUP, compared to the other drugs, seems to be the optimal candidate to be used as pretreatment against OP poisoning.
Subject(s)
Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/toxicity , Cholinesterases/metabolism , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Serum Albumin/metabolism , Alkaloids , Animals , Cholinesterases/blood , Erythrocytes/enzymology , Evans Blue , Guinea Pigs , Male , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Physostigmine/pharmacology , Pyridostigmine Bromide/pharmacology , Sesquiterpenes/pharmacologyABSTRACT
A novel series of 31 N-aryl dicyclopropyl ketone oxime ethers were synthesized and tested for their activity at alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. All of the compounds showed greater affinity for beta-than for alpha1-receptor sites. Some compounds had pure antagonist effects whereas some were partial agonists. Several compounds had an antagonist effect matching that of propranolol in in vitro (binding data and pA2 values on rat heart ventricle homogenates and guinea pig spontaneously beating right and electrically driven left atrial isolated preparations, respectively) and in in vivo tests (measurement of antagonism toward isoprenaline-induced tachycardia in anesthetized rats). Furthermore, all of the compounds showed a beta1-adrenergic selectivity (beta2-affinity > 1500 nM).
Subject(s)
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists , Cyclopropanes , Oximes , Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism , Adrenergic Agonists/chemical synthesis , Adrenergic Agonists/chemistry , Adrenergic Agonists/metabolism , Adrenergic Agonists/pharmacology , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/chemical synthesis , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/chemistry , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/metabolism , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology , Animals , Cyclopropanes/chemical synthesis , Cyclopropanes/chemistry , Cyclopropanes/metabolism , Cyclopropanes/pharmacology , Guinea Pigs , Heart Rate/drug effects , In Vitro Techniques , Ligands , Male , Myocardial Contraction/drug effects , Optical Rotation , Oximes/chemical synthesis , Oximes/chemistry , Oximes/metabolism , Oximes/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/drug effects , Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism , Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects , Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/drug effects , Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/metabolism , Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects , Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Huperzine A (HUP) is a potent reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Its ability to prevent seizures and subsequent hippocampal neuropathological changes induced by the organophosphate soman was studied in guinea pigs. Results were compared to guinea pigs treated with pyridostigmine (PYR, 0.2 mg/kg, subcutaneously). HUP pretreatment at 0.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, totally prevented seizures and ensured the survival of all animals for 24 h after intoxication. Hippocampal tissue was then free of any neuronal damage. Comparatively, all animals pretreated with PYR exhibited epileptic activity after soman poisoning and five of six animals died. Examination of the hippocampus of the only surviving guinea pig pretreated with PYR showed extensive neuropathological changes. Although HUP or PYR induced similar inhibitions of blood AChE activity, only HUP pretreatment led to a decrease in central AChE activity. In binding studies on guinea-pig brain homogenates, HUP had no affinity for muscarinic, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors and only a very low one for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. In conclusion, HUP, unlike PYR, protects against soman-induced convulsions and neuropathological changes in the hippocampus. This efficacy seems to be related to a protection by HUP of both peripheral and central stores of AChE.
