Varicella-zoster virus glycoproteins B and E are major targets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells reconstituting during zoster after allogeneic transplantation.

BACKGROUND: After allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation patients are at increased risk for herpes zoster as long as varicella-zoster virus specific T-cell reconstitution is impaired. This study aimed to identify immunodominant varicella-zoster virus antigens that drive recovery of virus-specific T cells after transplantation. DESIGN AND METHODS: Antigens were purified from a varicella-zoster virus infected cell lysate by high-performance liquid chromatography and were identified by quantitative mass spectrometric analysis. To approximate in vivo immunogenicity for memory T cells, antigen preparations were consistently screened with ex vivo PBMC of varicella-zoster virus immune healthy individuals in sensitive interferon-γ ELISpot assays. Candidate virus antigens identified by the approach were genetically expressed in PBMC using electroporation of in vitro transcribed RNA encoding full-length proteins and were then analyzed for recognition by CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory T cells. RESULTS: Varicella-zoster virus encoded glycoproteins B and E, and immediate early protein 62 were identified in immunoreactive lysate material. Predominant CD4(+) T-cell reactivity to these proteins was observed in healthy virus carriers. Furthermore, longitudinal screening in allogeneic stem-cell transplantation patients showed strong expansions of memory T cells recognizing glycoproteins B and E after onset of herpes zoster, while immediate early protein 62 reactivity remained moderate. Reactivity to viral glycoproteins boosted by acute zoster was mediated by both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that glycoproteins B and E are major targets of varicella-zoster virus specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell reconstitution occurring during herpes zoster after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. Varicella-zoster virus glycoproteins B and E might form the basis for novel non-hazardous zoster subunit vaccines suitable for immunocompromised transplant patients.

Optimized recombinant dense bodies of human cytomegalovirus efficiently prime virus specific lymphocytes and neutralizing antibodies without the addition of adjuvant.

Control of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection correlates with the reconstitution of antiviral T lymphocytes in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. A vaccine to foster this reconstitution and to ameliorate the severe consequences of HCMV reactivation is yet unavailable. This work focused on providing a rationale for the amendment of the yields and the antigenic composition of a vaccine, based on subviral dense bodies (DB) of HCMV. Modified DB were generated that contained the HLA-A2 presented IE1 model peptide TMYGGISLL, integrated at different positions in the major DB protein pp65. Insertion at position W175 of pp65 allowed efficient formation of recDB in the cytoplasm of infected cells and resulted in considerable yields of these particles. Even in the absence of adjuvant, these particles proved to be highly immunogenic with respect to CD8 and CD4 T cell and neutralizing antibody responses.

Modification of the major tegument protein pp65 of human cytomegalovirus inhibits virus growth and leads to the enhancement of a protein complex with pUL69 and pUL97 in infected cells.

The tegument protein pp65 of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is abundant in lytically infected human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF), as well as in virions and subviral dense bodies (DB). Despite this, we showed previously that pp65 is dispensable for growth in HFF. In the process of refining a DB-based vaccine candidate, different HCMV mutants were generated, expressing a dominant HLA-A2-presented peptide of the IE1 protein fused to pp65. One of the mutant viruses (RV-VM1) surprisingly showed marked impairment in virus release from HFF. We hypothesized that analysis of the phenotypic alterations of RV-VM1 would provide insight into the functions of pp65, poorly defined thus far. RV-VM1 infection resulted in nuclear retention of the fusion protein and reorganization of nuclear inclusion bodies. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments suggested that wild-type (wt) pp65 and pp65-VM1 were substrates of the viral pUL97 kinase in vitro and formed a complex with the viral RNA-export protein pUL69 and with pUL97 in lysates of infected cells. No evidence for an impairment of pUL97 within this complex was found. However, RV-VM1 replication in infected cells was resistant to a pUL97 inhibitor, and pUL97 inhibitors mimicked the mutant in terms of pp65 being retained in the nucleus. The results suggest that the life cycle of RV-VM1 was impeded at the stages of early-late transcription, RNA export or capsid maturation. wt-pp65 may play a role at these stages of infection, and complex formation with pUL69 and pUL97 may be important for that function.