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Introduction: Studies on infant dietary intake do not generally focus on the types of liquids consumed. Objective: To document by age and breastfeeding status, the types of liquids present in the diet of Mexican children under 1 year of age (< 1 y) who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (ENSANUT-2012). Methods: Analysis of the infant < 1 y feeding practices from the ENSANUT-2012 survey in non-breastfed (non-BF) and breastfed (BF) infants by status quo for the consumption of liquids grouped in: water, formula, fortified LICONSA milk, nutritive liquids (NL; thin cereal-based gruel with water or milk and coffee with milk) and non-nutritive liquids (non-NL) as sugared water, water-based drinks, tea, beans or chicken broth, aguamieland coffee. In this infants < 1 y we analyzed the not grouped consumption of liquids in the first three days of life (newborns) from the mother's recall. Percentage and confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated adjusting for survey design. Statistical differences were analyzed by Z test. Results: We observed a high consumption of human milk followed by formula (56.7%) and water (51.1%) in infants under 6 months of age (< 6 mo). The proportion of non-BF infants consuming non-NL was higher than for BF infants (p < 0.05). More than 60% of older infants (6 mo and < 1 y) consumed formula and were non-BF. In newborns formula consumption was predominant, followed by tea or infusion and water. Conclusions: Non-breast milk liquids are present undesirably in Mexican infants' diet and non-NL are consumed earlier than NL, revealing inadequate early dietary practices.

Introducción: la elección del método para la evaluación nutricional es fundamental para el correcto seguimiento del estado nutricional de los pacientes sometidos al trasplante de hígado.Objetivos: evaluar y comparar el estado nutricional de los pacientes antes y después del trasplante de hígado por el tiempo de un año para los diferentes métodos de evaluación nutricional. Métodos: se evaluaron los pacientes que se sometieron a un trasplante de hígado en diferentes momentos: pretrasplante, 1, 3, 6 y 12 meses después del procedimiento, en la Hermandad de la Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Los métodos utilizados fueron la antropometría, la fuerza de apretón de manos por la fuerza de agarre no dominante (FAM), el espesor del músculo aductor del pulgar y el ángulo de fase (AF) por bioimpedancia eléctrica (BIA). En todas las evaluaciones se tomaron las mismas medidas. Resultados: las evaluaciones se llevaron a cabo en 22 pacientes. Los métodos que mostraron mayor prevalencia de pacientes desnutridos antes del trasplante fueron la FA por BIA (25%), la circunferencia muscular del brazo (CMB) (21,9%) y la circunferencia del brazo (CB) (18,8%). Al comparar el estado nutricional de los pacientes durante el seguimiento, hubo diferencia significativa en los métodos de evaluación de CB, espesor del pliegue cutáneo triciptal y AF por la BIA. Al final del seguimiento, los métodos de evaluación nutricional fueron nuevamente comparados y mostraron de diferencias significativas, siendo la FAM el método de mayor detección de desnutrición. Conclusiones: se sugiere que podría intensificarse el uso del método AF por la BIA en esta población, ya que los resultados están en consonancia con los encontrados en la literatura, siendo significativos, fiables y reproducibles.

Quercetin prevents oxidative stress in cirrhotic rats.

Our aim was to study the protective effect of quercitin on liver cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) in rats and its relationship with liver morphology. Thirty male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were randomly divided into three groups: control, CCl(4), and CCl(4)+ quercetin. Rats in the experimental groups were given CCl(4) (0.5 ml/kg i.p.), diluted 1:6 in vegetable oil (5 mmol/kg body wt), at 10:00 p.m. every 4 days for 17 weeks. Quercetin (500 microl/kg i.p.; 150 micromol/kg body wt) or vehicle was administered at 6:00 p.m. for the last 3 weeks of the study. Control group rats were given only olive oil for the same period. At the end of the 17 weeks, all rats were sacrificed. Blood samples were taken for determination of serum indicators (ALT, AST, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, factor V) and the livers were dissected out and divided into two parts: one was homogenized and the supernatant was used for measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, as well as lipid peroxidation. The other part was used for the histopathological study. CCl(4) caused a marked rise in serum levels of ALT, AST, total bilirubin, and conjugated bilirubin, as well as a decrease in factor V (P<0.05). Lipid peroxidation levels were significantly increased, whereas GSH, SOD, catalase, GPx, and GST levels were decreased in the liver of CCl(4)-treated rats. Quercetin (50 mg/kg/day) successfully attenuated these effects of CCl(4). We conclude that quercetin has beneficial effects on liver fibrosis in rats by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and decreasing the pro-oxidant effect.