ABSTRACT
Background: Megaesophagus is a disease characterized by widespread dilation of the esophagus, with partial or total loss of the organ peristalsis, produced by a neuromuscular disorder and it can be present as manifestation of several diseases. The most common sign on animals is the regurgitation, which usually happens right after the ingestion of solids. The diagnosis is based on the clinical signs and radiographic exam, where it is possible to observe a contrasted and extensive esophagus. The clinical treatment consists of small semi-solid or liquid meals served in small amounts, with the animal in elevated position. This work reports a swine megaesophagus, occurred in one of the animals housed in the Sector of Clinic and Reproduction of Swine of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil..Case: A male swine, six months of age was housed in the center of artifi cial insemination, showing some adaptation difficulties to the new facilities, climate, as well as feeding. A reduced feed intake was observed, however, without alterations behavioral or sanitary. The animal was trained progressively for semen collection, presenting eventually regurgitation, which became more frequent with the insistence in feeding. Usually the refl ux happened fi ve to ten minutes after the ingestion of ration and/or water, with variable volume, texture and aspect similar to the saliva
Background: Megaesophagus is a disease characterized by widespread dilation of the esophagus, with partial or total loss of the organ peristalsis, produced by a neuromuscular disorder and it can be present as manifestation of several diseases. The most common sign on animals is the regurgitation, which usually happens right after the ingestion of solids. The diagnosis is based on the clinical signs and radiographic exam, where it is possible to observe a contrasted and extensive esophagus. The clinical treatment consists of small semi-solid or liquid meals served in small amounts, with the animal in elevated position. This work reports a swine megaesophagus, occurred in one of the animals housed in the Sector of Clinic and Reproduction of Swine of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil..Case: A male swine, six months of age was housed in the center of artifi cial insemination, showing some adaptation difficulties to the new facilities, climate, as well as feeding. A reduced feed intake was observed, however, without alterations behavioral or sanitary. The animal was trained progressively for semen collection, presenting eventually regurgitation, which became more frequent with the insistence in feeding. Usually the refl ux happened fi ve to ten minutes after the ingestion of ration and/or water, with variable volume, texture and aspect similar to the saliva
ABSTRACT
Background: Megaesophagus is a disease characterized by widespread dilation of the esophagus, with partial or total loss of the organ peristalsis, produced by a neuromuscular disorder and it can be present as manifestation of several diseases. The most common sign on animals is the regurgitation, which usually happens right after the ingestion of solids. The diagnosis is based on the clinical signs and radiographic exam, where it is possible to observe a contrasted and extensive esophagus. The clinical treatment consists of small semi-solid or liquid meals served in small amounts, with the animal in elevated position. This work reports a swine megaesophagus, occurred in one of the animals housed in the Sector of Clinic and Reproduction of Swine of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil..Case: A male swine, six months of age was housed in the center of artifi cial insemination, showing some adaptation difficulties to the new facilities, climate, as well as feeding. A reduced feed intake was observed, however, without alterations behavioral or sanitary. The animal was trained progressively for semen collection, presenting eventually regurgitation, which became more frequent with the insistence in feeding. Usually the refl ux happened fi ve to ten minutes after the ingestion of ration and/or water, with variable volume, texture and aspect similar to the saliva
Background: Megaesophagus is a disease characterized by widespread dilation of the esophagus, with partial or total loss of the organ peristalsis, produced by a neuromuscular disorder and it can be present as manifestation of several diseases. The most common sign on animals is the regurgitation, which usually happens right after the ingestion of solids. The diagnosis is based on the clinical signs and radiographic exam, where it is possible to observe a contrasted and extensive esophagus. The clinical treatment consists of small semi-solid or liquid meals served in small amounts, with the animal in elevated position. This work reports a swine megaesophagus, occurred in one of the animals housed in the Sector of Clinic and Reproduction of Swine of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil..Case: A male swine, six months of age was housed in the center of artifi cial insemination, showing some adaptation difficulties to the new facilities, climate, as well as feeding. A reduced feed intake was observed, however, without alterations behavioral or sanitary. The animal was trained progressively for semen collection, presenting eventually regurgitation, which became more frequent with the insistence in feeding. Usually the refl ux happened fi ve to ten minutes after the ingestion of ration and/or water, with variable volume, texture and aspect similar to the saliva
ABSTRACT
An experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance and feed cost of barrows and boars fed or not with amino acid supplemented diets. Forty-eight animals were used with initial weight of 38.8±0.2kg distributed in a randomized block design with three treatments, being barrows males (CM), boars males (IM) and IM supplemented with 5% of amino acids (IM+5% AA). The treatment had no effect on body weight and weight gain. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feed cost were different (P 0.05) among treatments. Average feed intake was of 2.43kg, and the intake observed on CM (P 0.05) was higher at 5.5 and 5.2% in relation to IM and IM+5%AA, respectively. Feed conversion ratio was of 2.28, and the CM showed the worse conversion (P 0.05) at 6.2 and 11.6% in relation to IM and IM+5%AA, respectively. Average feed cost was of R$ 1,82kg-1, being higher (P 0.05) for the CM in relation to IM and IM+5%AA. The sex category (barrows or boars) and amino acid supplementation did not affect body weight and weight gain, but alter feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feed cost.
Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o desempenho e o custo do alimento de suínos machos castrados e inteiros suplementados ou não com aminoácidos. Foram utilizados 48 animais com peso vivo inicial de 38,8±0,2kg, distribuídos num delineamento de blocos ao acaso em três tratamentos, sendo machos castrados (MC), machos inteiros (MI) e MI suplementados com 5% de aminoácidos (MI+5%AA). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos tratamentos sobre o peso vivo e o ganho de peso dos suínos. O consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar e o custo do alimento diferiram (P 0,05) entre os tratamentos. O consumo médio de ração foi de 2,43kg, sendo que os MC apresentaram consumo superior (P 0,05) em 5,5 e 5,2% em relação aos MI e aos MI+5%AA, respectivamente. A conversão alimentar média foi 2,28; sendo que os MC apresentaram pior conversão (P 0,05) em 6,2 e 11,6% em relação aos MI e aos MI+5%AA, respectivamente. O custo médio do alimento foi de R$ 1,82 kg-1, sendo superior (P 0,05) para os MC em relação aos MI e MI +5%AA. O tipo sexual do macho (castrado ou inteiro) e a suplementação aminoacídica não afetam o peso vivo e o ganho de peso, mas alteram o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar e o custo de alimento.
ABSTRACT
An experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance and feed cost of barrows and boars fed or not with amino acid supplemented diets. Forty-eight animals were used with initial weight of 38.8±0.2kg distributed in a randomized block design with three treatments, being barrows males (CM), boars males (IM) and IM supplemented with 5% of amino acids (IM+5% AA). The treatment had no effect on body weight and weight gain. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feed cost were different (P 0.05) among treatments. Average feed intake was of 2.43kg, and the intake observed on CM (P 0.05) was higher at 5.5 and 5.2% in relation to IM and IM+5%AA, respectively. Feed conversion ratio was of 2.28, and the CM showed the worse conversion (P 0.05) at 6.2 and 11.6% in relation to IM and IM+5%AA, respectively. Average feed cost was of R$ 1,82kg-1, being higher (P 0.05) for the CM in relation to IM and IM+5%AA. The sex category (barrows or boars) and amino acid supplementation did not affect body weight and weight gain, but alter feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feed cost.
Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o desempenho e o custo do alimento de suínos machos castrados e inteiros suplementados ou não com aminoácidos. Foram utilizados 48 animais com peso vivo inicial de 38,8±0,2kg, distribuídos num delineamento de blocos ao acaso em três tratamentos, sendo machos castrados (MC), machos inteiros (MI) e MI suplementados com 5% de aminoácidos (MI+5%AA). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos tratamentos sobre o peso vivo e o ganho de peso dos suínos. O consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar e o custo do alimento diferiram (P 0,05) entre os tratamentos. O consumo médio de ração foi de 2,43kg, sendo que os MC apresentaram consumo superior (P 0,05) em 5,5 e 5,2% em relação aos MI e aos MI+5%AA, respectivamente. A conversão alimentar média foi 2,28; sendo que os MC apresentaram pior conversão (P 0,05) em 6,2 e 11,6% em relação aos MI e aos MI+5%AA, respectivamente. O custo médio do alimento foi de R$ 1,82 kg-1, sendo superior (P 0,05) para os MC em relação aos MI e MI +5%AA. O tipo sexual do macho (castrado ou inteiro) e a suplementação aminoacídica não afetam o peso vivo e o ganho de peso, mas alteram o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar e o custo de alimento.
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the addition of the citrus extracts and ractopamine in finishing pig diets. A Hundred eight pigs were used (54 males and 54 females) in a completely randomized design, blocked by sex and distributed in nine treatments: T1. control (C) (0ppm of the ractopamine e 0ppm of the citrus extracts), T2. C+10RAC (ractopamine, ppm), T3. C+20RAC, T4. C+250EC (citrus extracts, ppm), T5. C+500EC, T6. C+250EC+10RAC, T7. C+250EC+20RAC, T8. C+500EC+10RAC and T9. C+500EC+20RAC. The final body weight (109.9±3.60kg), feed intake (2.6±0.24kg d-1), body weight gain (1.01±0.09kg d-1), feed conversion ratio (2.7±0.25), carcass length (97±2.71cm), depth muscle (56.1±5.63mm), and pH (5.9±0.33) were not affected by treatments. There was a significant effect for the treatment with 20ppm of ractopamine, which was 5.7 higher, in relation to the treatment with 10ppm of ractopamine. The backfat thickness of control group was 35% higher than the ractopamine levels and the interaction was of 10ppm of ractopamine and 500ppm of citrus extracts. The lean meat in the control group was on average, 5.3% lower in relation to the ractopamine levels. Feeding of finishing pigs with diets containing ractopamine, citrus extracts and their interactions didn't affect performance, however affected some carcass characteristics.
Um experimento avaliou a adição de ractopamina e extratos cítricos a dietas de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 108 suínos (54 machos e 54 fêmeas) em um delineamento de blocos completos ao acaso, sendo o sexo o fator de bloqueamento e nove os tratamentos: T1. controle (C) (0ppm de ractopamina e 0ppm de extratos cítricos), T2. C+10RAC (ractopamina, em ppm), T3. C+20RAC, T4. C+250EC (extratos cítricos, em ppm), T5. C+500EC, T6. C+250EC+10RAC, T7. C+250EC+20RAC, T8. C+500EC+10RAC e T9. C+500EC+20RAC. O peso vivo final (109,9±3,6kg), consumo de ração (2,6±0,2kgd-1), ganho de peso (1,0±0,1kgd-1), conversão alimentar (2,7±0,2), comprimento de carcaça (97,0±2,7cm), profundidade de músculo (56,1±5,6mm) e pH (5,9±0,3) não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. Sobre o peso de carcaça, o efeito foi somente do tratamento com 20ppm de ractopamina em relação a 10ppm de ractopamina, sendo 5,7% superior. A espessura de toucinho do grupo controle foi 35% superior aos níveis de ractopamina, e a interação foi 500ppm de extratos cítricos e 10ppm de ractopamina. A carne magra do controle foi 5,3% inferior em relação aos níveis de ractopamina. A alimentação de suínos em terminação com dietas contendo ractopamina, extratos cítricos e suas interações não altera o desempenho, mas influencia algumas características de carcaça.
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the addition of the citrus extracts and ractopamine in finishing pig diets. A Hundred eight pigs were used (54 males and 54 females) in a completely randomized design, blocked by sex and distributed in nine treatments: T1. control (C) (0ppm of the ractopamine e 0ppm of the citrus extracts), T2. C+10RAC (ractopamine, ppm), T3. C+20RAC, T4. C+250EC (citrus extracts, ppm), T5. C+500EC, T6. C+250EC+10RAC, T7. C+250EC+20RAC, T8. C+500EC+10RAC and T9. C+500EC+20RAC. The final body weight (109.9±3.60kg), feed intake (2.6±0.24kg d-1), body weight gain (1.01±0.09kg d-1), feed conversion ratio (2.7±0.25), carcass length (97±2.71cm), depth muscle (56.1±5.63mm), and pH (5.9±0.33) were not affected by treatments. There was a significant effect for the treatment with 20ppm of ractopamine, which was 5.7 higher, in relation to the treatment with 10ppm of ractopamine. The backfat thickness of control group was 35% higher than the ractopamine levels and the interaction was of 10ppm of ractopamine and 500ppm of citrus extracts. The lean meat in the control group was on average, 5.3% lower in relation to the ractopamine levels. Feeding of finishing pigs with diets containing ractopamine, citrus extracts and their interactions didn't affect performance, however affected some carcass characteristics.
Um experimento avaliou a adição de ractopamina e extratos cítricos a dietas de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 108 suínos (54 machos e 54 fêmeas) em um delineamento de blocos completos ao acaso, sendo o sexo o fator de bloqueamento e nove os tratamentos: T1. controle (C) (0ppm de ractopamina e 0ppm de extratos cítricos), T2. C+10RAC (ractopamina, em ppm), T3. C+20RAC, T4. C+250EC (extratos cítricos, em ppm), T5. C+500EC, T6. C+250EC+10RAC, T7. C+250EC+20RAC, T8. C+500EC+10RAC e T9. C+500EC+20RAC. O peso vivo final (109,9±3,6kg), consumo de ração (2,6±0,2kgd-1), ganho de peso (1,0±0,1kgd-1), conversão alimentar (2,7±0,2), comprimento de carcaça (97,0±2,7cm), profundidade de músculo (56,1±5,6mm) e pH (5,9±0,3) não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. Sobre o peso de carcaça, o efeito foi somente do tratamento com 20ppm de ractopamina em relação a 10ppm de ractopamina, sendo 5,7% superior. A espessura de toucinho do grupo controle foi 35% superior aos níveis de ractopamina, e a interação foi 500ppm de extratos cítricos e 10ppm de ractopamina. A carne magra do controle foi 5,3% inferior em relação aos níveis de ractopamina. A alimentação de suínos em terminação com dietas contendo ractopamina, extratos cítricos e suas interações não altera o desempenho, mas influencia algumas características de carcaça.
ABSTRACT
An experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of lactating sows and their piglets fed with high moisture corn diets with or without organic acids. Fifteen sows were used in a randomized complete block with three treatments (control diet; control diet with 0.5% of benzoic acid; control diet with 0.5% of fumaric acid) with five replications each. The diets were elaborated within a 24h period. Diets elaborated with high moisture corn with benzoic or fumaric acids did not modify (P>0.05) the backfat thickness and the average daily feed intake. The average daily weight gain (0.22kg) and average weaning live weight (6.2kg) of piglets were not influenced (P>0.05) between treatments. The addition of organic acids in diets containing high moisture corn does not alter the performance of lactating sows and piglets.
Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o desempenho de porcas lactantes e suas leitegadas alimentadas com dietas contendo silagem de grãos úmidos de milho com ou sem ácidos orgânicos. Foram utilizadas 15 porcas híbridas em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três tratamentos (dieta controle, dieta com adição de 0,5% de ácido benzóico e dieta com adição de 0,5% de ácido fumárico) com cinco repetições cada. As dietas elaboradas com silagem de grãos úmidos de milho com ácido benzóico ou ácido fumárico não alteraram (P>0,05) a espessura de toucinho e o consumo médio diário de ração. O ganho médio diário (0,22kg) e o peso vivo médio ao desmame (6,2kg) dos leitões não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. A adição dos ácidos fumárico e benzóico nas dietas elaboradas com silagem de grãos úmidos de milho não altera os desempenhos de porcas lactantes e de suas leitegadas.
ABSTRACT
An experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of lactating sows and their piglets fed with high moisture corn diets with or without organic acids. Fifteen sows were used in a randomized complete block with three treatments (control diet; control diet with 0.5% of benzoic acid; control diet with 0.5% of fumaric acid) with five replications each. The diets were elaborated within a 24h period. Diets elaborated with high moisture corn with benzoic or fumaric acids did not modify (P>0.05) the backfat thickness and the average daily feed intake. The average daily weight gain (0.22kg) and average weaning live weight (6.2kg) of piglets were not influenced (P>0.05) between treatments. The addition of organic acids in diets containing high moisture corn does not alter the performance of lactating sows and piglets.
Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o desempenho de porcas lactantes e suas leitegadas alimentadas com dietas contendo silagem de grãos úmidos de milho com ou sem ácidos orgânicos. Foram utilizadas 15 porcas híbridas em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três tratamentos (dieta controle, dieta com adição de 0,5% de ácido benzóico e dieta com adição de 0,5% de ácido fumárico) com cinco repetições cada. As dietas elaboradas com silagem de grãos úmidos de milho com ácido benzóico ou ácido fumárico não alteraram (P>0,05) a espessura de toucinho e o consumo médio diário de ração. O ganho médio diário (0,22kg) e o peso vivo médio ao desmame (6,2kg) dos leitões não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. A adição dos ácidos fumárico e benzóico nas dietas elaboradas com silagem de grãos úmidos de milho não altera os desempenhos de porcas lactantes e de suas leitegadas.
ABSTRACT
An experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of lactating sows and their piglets fed with high moisture corn diets with or without organic acids. Fifteen sows were used in a randomized complete block with three treatments (control diet; control diet with 0.5% of benzoic acid; control diet with 0.5% of fumaric acid) with five replications each. The diets were elaborated within a 24h period. Diets elaborated with high moisture corn with benzoic or fumaric acids did not modify (P>0.05) the backfat thickness and the average daily feed intake. The average daily weight gain (0.22kg) and average weaning live weight (6.2kg) of piglets were not influenced (P>0.05) between treatments. The addition of organic acids in diets containing high moisture corn does not alter the performance of lactating sows and piglets.
Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o desempenho de porcas lactantes e suas leitegadas alimentadas com dietas contendo silagem de grãos úmidos de milho com ou sem ácidos orgânicos. Foram utilizadas 15 porcas híbridas em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três tratamentos (dieta controle, dieta com adição de 0,5% de ácido benzóico e dieta com adição de 0,5% de ácido fumárico) com cinco repetições cada. As dietas elaboradas com silagem de grãos úmidos de milho com ácido benzóico ou ácido fumárico não alteraram (P>0,05) a espessura de toucinho e o consumo médio diário de ração. O ganho médio diário (0,22kg) e o peso vivo médio ao desmame (6,2kg) dos leitões não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. A adição dos ácidos fumárico e benzóico nas dietas elaboradas com silagem de grãos úmidos de milho não altera os desempenhos de porcas lactantes e de suas leitegadas.
ABSTRACT
The objective of the present work was to evaluate the efficiency of ethylene glycol on criopreservation of canine semen, considering its possible deleterious effects upon semen motility, vigor and morphology at the pre and post freezing stages, using a tris-egg yolk extender. Four adult german shepards were used as donors. Samples were obtained by digital manipulation, and only ejaculates presenting a minimum of 90% motility and 5 (0-5) vigor and no more than 35% of total morphological defects were considered. Ethylene glycol concentrations tested were 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0M and 0.80M glycerol served as control. Motility and vigor were evaluated in the rich fraction, after first and second dilution, after 1 hour of stabilization at 4ºC and after thawing. Sperm morphology was examined in the fresh sample and after thawing in each of the treatments. There were no detectable differences among the groups in sperm motility and morphology after thawing. There were no differences in vigor among the 0.25, 0.50M ethylene glycol and the 0.8M glycerol, but the 1M ethylene glycol had lower vigor scores after thawing. We conclude that ethylene glycol can be used as a cryoprotectant in the concentration of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0M instead of glycerol.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização do etileno glicol, adicionado ao meio Tris-gema, na criopreservação de sêmen canino, considerando os seus efeitos sobre a motilidade, o vigor e a morfologia espermática pré e pós-congelamento. Como doadores, utilizaram-se quatro cães da raça Pastor Alemão coletados por manipulação digital os quais no ejaculado apresentaram padrões mínimos de 90% de motilidade, cinco de vigor espermático (0 - 5) e no máximo 35% de defeitos morfológicos totais. As concentrações de etileno glicol testadas foram de 0, 25; 0,5 e 1,0M, sendo empregados como controle 0,8M de glicerol. Foram feitas cinco avaliações de motilidade e vigor, respectivamente, na obtenção da fração rica, depois da primeira diluição, ao atingir 4°C, após uma hora de estabilização a 4°C e no descongelamento. Avaliou-se a morfologia espermática em sêmen a fresco e após o descongelamento das amostras de cada tratamento. Não houve diferença na motilidade e na morfologia espermática dos grupos após o descongelamento. No vigor espermático pós- descongelamento, as concentrações de 0,25 e 0,5M de etileno glicol foram semelhantes entre si e com a concentração de 0,8M de glicerol (controle), mas diferiram da concentração de 1M, a qual apresentou vigor inferior ao controle. Conclui-se que, para a criopreservação de sêmen canino, o glicerol 0,8M pode ser substituído pelo etileno glicol nas concentrações de 0,25, 0,5 e 1,0M.
ABSTRACT
The objective of the present work was to evaluate the efficiency of ethylene glycol on criopreservation of canine semen, considering its possible deleterious effects upon semen motility, vigor and morphology at the pre and post freezing stages, using a tris-egg yolk extender. Four adult german shepards were used as donors. Samples were obtained by digital manipulation, and only ejaculates presenting a minimum of 90% motility and 5 (0-5) vigor and no more than 35% of total morphological defects were considered. Ethylene glycol concentrations tested were 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0M and 0.80M glycerol served as control. Motility and vigor were evaluated in the rich fraction, after first and second dilution, after 1 hour of stabilization at 4ºC and after thawing. Sperm morphology was examined in the fresh sample and after thawing in each of the treatments. There were no detectable differences among the groups in sperm motility and morphology after thawing. There were no differences in vigor among the 0.25, 0.50M ethylene glycol and the 0.8M glycerol, but the 1M ethylene glycol had lower vigor scores after thawing. We conclude that ethylene glycol can be used as a cryoprotectant in the concentration of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0M instead of glycerol.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização do etileno glicol, adicionado ao meio Tris-gema, na criopreservação de sêmen canino, considerando os seus efeitos sobre a motilidade, o vigor e a morfologia espermática pré e pós-congelamento. Como doadores, utilizaram-se quatro cães da raça Pastor Alemão coletados por manipulação digital os quais no ejaculado apresentaram padrões mínimos de 90% de motilidade, cinco de vigor espermático (0 - 5) e no máximo 35% de defeitos morfológicos totais. As concentrações de etileno glicol testadas foram de 0, 25; 0,5 e 1,0M, sendo empregados como controle 0,8M de glicerol. Foram feitas cinco avaliações de motilidade e vigor, respectivamente, na obtenção da fração rica, depois da primeira diluição, ao atingir 4°C, após uma hora de estabilização a 4°C e no descongelamento. Avaliou-se a morfologia espermática em sêmen a fresco e após o descongelamento das amostras de cada tratamento. Não houve diferença na motilidade e na morfologia espermática dos grupos após o descongelamento. No vigor espermático pós- descongelamento, as concentrações de 0,25 e 0,5M de etileno glicol foram semelhantes entre si e com a concentração de 0,8M de glicerol (controle), mas diferiram da concentração de 1M, a qual apresentou vigor inferior ao controle. Conclui-se que, para a criopreservação de sêmen canino, o glicerol 0,8M pode ser substituído pelo etileno glicol nas concentrações de 0,25, 0,5 e 1,0M.