ABSTRACT
Immune checkpoint blockade produces clinical benefit in many patients. However, better biomarkers of response are still needed, and mechanisms of resistance remain incompletely understood. To address this, we recently studied a cohort of melanoma patients treated with sequential checkpoint blockade against cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) followed by programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and identified immune markers of response and resistance. Building on these studies, we performed deep molecular profiling including T cell receptor sequencing and whole-exome sequencing within the same cohort and demonstrated that a more clonal T cell repertoire was predictive of response to PD-1 but not CTLA-4 blockade. Analysis of CNAs identified a higher burden of copy number loss in nonresponders to CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade and found that it was associated with decreased expression of genes in immune-related pathways. The effect of mutational load and burden of copy number loss on response was nonredundant, suggesting the potential utility of a combinatorial biomarker to optimize patient care with checkpoint blockade therapy.
Subject(s)
CTLA-4 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasms/pathology , Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Biopsy , CTLA-4 Antigen/metabolism , Clone Cells , Cohort Studies , DNA Copy Number Variations/genetics , Gene Dosage , Genome , Humans , Mutation/genetics , Neoplasms/genetics , Neoplasms/immunology , Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes/immunologyABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Immune checkpoint blockade represents a major breakthrough in cancer therapy; however, responses are not universal. Genomic and immune features in pretreatment tumor biopsies have been reported to correlate with response in patients with melanoma and other cancers, but robust biomarkers have not been identified. We studied a cohort of patients with metastatic melanoma initially treated with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA4) blockade (n = 53) followed by programmed death-1 (PD-1) blockade at progression (n = 46), and analyzed immune signatures in longitudinal tissue samples collected at multiple time points during therapy. In this study, we demonstrate that adaptive immune signatures in tumor biopsy samples obtained early during the course of treatment are highly predictive of response to immune checkpoint blockade and also demonstrate differential effects on the tumor microenvironment induced by CTLA4 and PD-1 blockade. Importantly, potential mechanisms of therapeutic resistance to immune checkpoint blockade were also identified. SIGNIFICANCE: These studies demonstrate that adaptive immune signatures in early on-treatment tumor biopsies are predictive of response to checkpoint blockade and yield insight into mechanisms of therapeutic resistance. These concepts have far-reaching implications in this age of precision medicine and should be explored in immune checkpoint blockade treatment across cancer types. Cancer Discov; 6(8); 827-37. ©2016 AACR.See related commentary by Teng et al., p. 818This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 803.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Biomarkers , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Immunomodulation/drug effects , Neoplasms/immunology , Neoplasms/metabolism , B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors , Biopsy , CTLA-4 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors , Cluster Analysis , Gene Expression Profiling , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism , Melanoma/drug therapy , Melanoma/immunology , Melanoma/metabolism , Neoplasms/diagnosis , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Prognosis , Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolismABSTRACT
We have made major advances in the treatment of melanoma through the use of targeted therapy and immune checkpoint blockade; however, clinicians are posed with therapeutic dilemmas regarding timing and sequence of therapy. There is a growing appreciation of the impact of antitumor immune responses to these therapies, and we performed studies to test the hypothesis that clinical patterns and immune infiltrates differ at progression on these treatments. We observed rapid clinical progression kinetics in patients on targeted therapy compared to immune checkpoint blockade. To gain insight into possible immune mechanisms behind these differences, we performed deep immune profiling in tumors of patients on therapy. We demonstrated low CD8+ T-cell infiltrate on targeted therapy and high CD8+ T-cell infiltrate on immune checkpoint blockade at clinical progression. These data have important implications, and suggest that antitumor immune responses should be assessed when considering therapeutic options for patients with melanoma.
