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1.
Res Vet Sci ; 154: 66-72, 2023 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36493586

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the potential consequences of tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) for the medial collateral ligament (MCL) tibial insertion (TI) with a particular focus on the effects of the TPLO planning technique and of the size of saw blade. STUDY DESIGN: Eighty-six stifle joints were collected from 43 canine cadavers and dissected free of soft tissue to expose the MCL. The MCL insertion sites were first identified with Chinese ink on intact stifle joints, and then marked with radio-opaque barium sulfate after removal of the MCL. Mediolateral radiographs were made of each marked stifle joint and used for TPLO digital planning. For each stifle, planning the TPLO was performed by centring the osteotomy at the intersection of the tibial plateau and the mechanical axis of the tibia in group 1, and at the top of the intercondylar tubercles in group 2. Whenever possible, two saw blade sizes were tested in each group. Measurements were taken after TPLO simulation to assess how the procedure would alter the MCL TI. RESULTS: In group 1, the integrity of the MCL TI was affected by the TPLO planning in 87.2% of the cases with the small saw blade and in 59.3% of the cases with the large blade, and in group 2, in 94.2% of the cases with the small and 77.9% with the large saw blade. In group 1, the osteotomy line was located above the TI, completely severing the MCL in four cases versus in 11 cases in group 2, while severing occurred in 14/15 cases with the small saw blade. CONCLUSION: During TPLO, the osteotomy line transected the MCL TI in the majority of dogs. Centring the osteotomy at the intersection of the tibial plateau and the mechanical axis of the tibia and using the largest saw size that preserves tibial tuberosity and patellar tendon insertion seems to be the best way to preserve the MCL TI as much as possible. Further research is needed to evaluate the clinical impact of MCL TI transection.


Subject(s)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries , Collateral Ligaments , Dog Diseases , Dogs , Animals , Stifle/surgery , Tibia/surgery , Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery , Osteotomy/veterinary , Osteotomy/methods , Cadaver , Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/veterinary , Dog Diseases/surgery
2.
Res Vet Sci ; 151: 21-26, 2022 Dec 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35850014

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The study provides a morphometric assessment of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the canine stifle joint. STUDY DESIGN: Eighty-six stifle joints were collected from 43 canine cadavers and dissected to free them of soft tissue and expose the collateral ligaments. The MCL insertion sites were identified with Chinese ink on intact stifle joints and also marked with radiopaque paste after removal of the MCL. Mediolateral photographs and radiographs of each stifle joint were taken after MCL was removed for morphometric assessment. Measurements were taken in two groups: a group of Beagles (group 1), and a group composed of different breeds (group 2). RESULTS: In all stifle joints, the MCL had an hourglass shape. It inserted in the distal femur and the proximal tibia, and was also intimately attached to the medial meniscus and more loosely to the proximal tibial epiphysis in its central portion. The MCL tibial insertion (TI) site had the largest surface area. Its proximal and distal position relative to the tibial plateau was located at 8.24 ± 1.17% and 15.54 ± 1.50% respectively of the total tibial length in group 1, and at 8.86 ± 1.93% and 15.53 ± 2.11% respectively, of the total tibial length in group 2. These values were not statistically different. CONCLUSION: The MCL of the canine stifle joint has an insertion site on the femur and on the tibia and is also attached on the medial meniscus. The location of the MCL TI site seems to be relatively homogeneous in dogs.


Subject(s)
Collateral Ligaments , Stifle , Animals , Anterior Cruciate Ligament , Biomechanical Phenomena , Dogs , Stifle/diagnostic imaging , Tibia/diagnostic imaging
3.
Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol ; 35(3): 166-174, 2022 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35272366

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to measure and compare the stiffness and cyclic fatigue of two plate-bone model constructs, with either two or three locking screws per fragment, under cyclic compression. METHODS: A 10-hole 3.5 mm stainless steel locking compression plate (LCP) was fixed 1 mm from a synthetic bone model in which the fracture gap was 47 mm. Two groups of 10 constructs, prepared with either two or three bicortical locking screws placed at the extremities of each fragment, were tested in a load-controlled compression test until failure. RESULTS: The three-screw constructs were stiffer than the two-screw constructs (196.75 ± 50.48 N/mm and 102.43 ± 22.93 N/mm, respectively) and the actuator displacements of the two-screw constructs were higher (18.02 ± 1.07 mm) than those of the three-screw constructs (14.48 ± 2.25 mm). The number of cycles to failure of the two-screw constructs was significantly lower (38,337.50 ± 2,196.98) than the that of the three-screw constructs (44,224.00 ± 1,515.24). Load at irreversible deformation was significantly lower in the two-screw constructs (140.93 ± 13.39 N) than in the three-screw constructs (184.27 ± 13.17 N). All constructs failed by plate bending at the gap between the two cylinders. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Omission of the third innermost locking screw during bridging osteosynthesis subjected to compression forces led to a 13.3% reduction in the number of cycles to failure and a 23.5% reduction of the load withstood by the plate before plastic deformation occurred.


Subject(s)
Bone Plates , Fractures, Bone , Animals , Biomechanical Phenomena , Bone Plates/veterinary , Bone Screws/veterinary , Fracture Fixation, Internal/veterinary , Fractures, Bone/surgery , Fractures, Bone/veterinary
4.
Vet Surg ; 48(8): 1466-1472, 2019 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31034647

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare preparation time, ease of application, and elimination of skin contamination of 3 skin preparation methods for asepsis. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS: Healthy dogs (n = 6) with no clinical signs of skin disease. METHODS: Three sites on each dog were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 preparation protocols for asepsis: (1) 5 scrubbings with chlorhexidine gluconate and rinsing (CHXG), (2) washing with mild soap prior to 3 rubbings with hydroalcoholic solution (soap-HAR), or (3) 3 rubbings with hydroalcoholic solution (HAR). The duration of each method of skin preparation was recorded. A Count-Tact agar plate was placed in the center of each site before, immediately after, 1 hour after, and 3 hours after antiseptic application. Plates were cultured, and colony forming units (CFU) were counted. RESULTS: Skin preparation lasted an average of 375 seconds for CHXG, 240 seconds for soap-HAR, and 190 seconds for HAR (P = .00049). Nine CFU (median) were cultured from the skin prior to preparation, with no difference between sites on any animal or for any method. Colony forming units were not detected at any time on any site in any dog after antiseptic application. CONCLUSION: Rubbing with hydroalcoholic (HA) solution was as effective as CHXG and prevented bacterial growth for at least 3 hours under these experimental conditions. Rubbing with hydroalcoholic solution was also faster and easier to perform. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Because there is currently no known resistance to HA solution, preparation of the surgical site with HAR should be considered to prevent the emergence of bacterial resistance to chlorhexidine as well as potential cross-resistances to antibiotics. Transfer to clinical animals requires additional investigation.


Subject(s)
Alcohols/pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents, Local/pharmacology , Chlorhexidine/analogs & derivatives , Animals , Bacteria/drug effects , Chlorhexidine/pharmacology , Colony Count, Microbial/veterinary , Dogs , Humans , Skin/microbiology , Soaps
5.
Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol ; 32(1): 59-66, 2019 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30646412

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The number of locking screws required per fragment during bridging osteosynthesis has not been fully determined in the dog. The purpose of this study was to assess the survival of two constructs, with either two or three screws per fragment, under cyclic bending. METHODS: A 10-hole, 3.5-mm stainless steel locking compression plate was fixed 1 mm away from a bone surrogate in which the fracture gap was 47 mm. Two groups of 10 constructs, prepared with either two or three bicortical locking screws placed at the extremities of each fragment, were tested in a load-controlled 4-point bending test (range 0.7 to + 7 Nm) until failure. RESULTS: The 3-screw constructs were stiffer than the 2-screw constructs (19.73 ± 0.68 N/mm vs. 15.52 ± 0.51 N/mm respectively) and the interfragmentary relative displacements were higher for the 2-screw constructs (11.17 ± 0.88%) than for the 3-screw constructs (8.00 ± 0.45%). The difference between the number of cycles to failure for the 3-screw constructs (162,448 ± 30,073 cycles) and the 2-screw constructs (143,786 ± 10,103 cycles) was not significant. Failure in all constructs was due to plate fracture at the level of the compression holes. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Omission of the third innermost locking screw during bridging osteosynthesis subjected to bending forces led to a 20% reduction in construct stiffness and increased relative displacement (+39.6%) but did not change fatigue life.


Subject(s)
Bone Plates/veterinary , Bone Screws/veterinary , Fractures, Bone/veterinary , Animals , Dogs , Fractures, Bone/surgery , Models, Anatomic , Stress, Mechanical , Weight-Bearing
6.
J Am Anim Hosp Assoc ; 54(5): 267-275, 2018.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30040441

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to compare the clinical, biological, macroscopic, and histologic outcomes after resection of the soft palate by plasma-mediated bipolar radiofrequency ablation (PBRA) or traditional incisional techniques (incisional soft palate resection [INC]) in dogs. Ten dogs were divided in two groups. In the INC group, the soft palate was incised with scissors and the wound was sutured in a continuous pattern. In the PBRA group, a wand was used to ablate the desired portion of the soft palate, without suture. Clinical, biological, macroscopic, and histologic assessments were scheduled over 14 days. The duration of surgery was significantly shorter for the PBRA group. The C-reactive protein concentrations were significantly higher in the PBRA group at 6 hr and on day 3 (P < .05) but with values very close to the baseline. C-reactive protein concentrations were maximal, but with low values (<25 mg/L), at day 1 for both techniques. The irregularity scores for the soft palate caudal border on days 1, 3, and 14 were significantly higher in the INC group than in the PBRA group (P < .05). The main histopathologic changes were the presence of superficial granulomas and a significantly greater depth of tissue damage in the INC group (2.5 ± 0.3 mm) compared with the PBRA group (1.5 ± 0.1 mm; P < .05). PBRA compared favorably with the traditional technique in terms of ease, duration of surgery, and depth of tissue damage. Future studies are warranted to validate its effectiveness for treating brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome in dogs.


Subject(s)
Airway Obstruction/veterinary , Catheter Ablation/veterinary , Dog Diseases/surgery , Palate, Soft/abnormalities , Airway Obstruction/surgery , Animals , Catheter Ablation/instrumentation , Catheter Ablation/methods , Dogs , Electrosurgery/methods , Electrosurgery/veterinary , Palate, Soft/surgery , Pilot Projects , Plastic Surgery Procedures/veterinary
7.
J Am Anim Hosp Assoc ; 54(5): e54503, 2018.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30040000

ABSTRACT

A 5 mo old English setter dog was presented with mild left forelimb lameness. Physical examination revealed pain upon shoulder palpation and extension. Mediolateral radiographs of both shoulders showed a subchondral bone defect in the mid-portion of the glenoid cavity. Computed tomography arthrography and arthroscopy revealed a cartilage flap, suggesting osteochondritis dissecans of the glenoid cavity. Subchondral bone cysts of the glenoid cavity and incomplete fusion of the supraglenoid tubercle were also observed. Arthroscopic removal of the fragment led to a favorable outcome.


Subject(s)
Arthroscopy/veterinary , Dog Diseases/surgery , Glenoid Cavity/pathology , Osteochondrosis/veterinary , Animals , Dogs , Osteochondrosis/surgery
8.
Vet Surg ; 44(2): 236-41, 2015 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25345875

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate variation in rima glottidis (RG) area and lack of epiglottic-glottic seal (LEGS) of the canine larynx associated with different suture anchor points in the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages, dissection of the cricoarytenoid joint capsule, section of the interarytenoid band, and disarticulation of the cricothyroid joint. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS: Cadaveric canine larynges (n = 18). METHODS: Larynges were assigned to 2 groups: group 1 = intact cricothyroid articulation and group 2 = cricothyroid articulation sharply sectioned. In each group, the arytenoid cartilage was lateralized successively as follows: (a) intact cricoarytenoid articulation, (b) cricoarytenoid articulation sharply sectioned, and (c) division of the interarytenoid band. Each variation was performed initially with the suture passed dorsally into the cricoid cartilage then with the suture passed laterally. Each time, the increase of rima glottis area (%) and the LEGS (mm(2) ) were measured. RESULTS: Rima glottis area (RGA): when the suture was placed dorsally, division of the interarytenoid band resulted in a significant increase in RGA compared with groups with an intact band. Laryngeal distortion: when the suture through the cricoid cartilage was dorsal, LEGS increased with section of the cricothyroid articulation, dissection of cricoarytenoid articulation, and division of the interarytenoid band. CONCLUSION: Unilateral arytenoid lateralization results in some degree of LEGS with a misalignment of the epiglottis over the RG. Our results revealed that the optimal RGA associated with the minimal LEGS was obtained with dorsal placement of a cricoarytenoid suture when the cricothyroid joint and the interarytenoid band were intact.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/surgery , Laryngeal Diseases/veterinary , Laryngectomy/veterinary , Animals , Arytenoid Cartilage/surgery , Biomechanical Phenomena , Cadaver , Cricoid Cartilage/surgery , Dogs , Epiglottis/surgery , Glottis/surgery , Laryngeal Diseases/surgery , Laryngectomy/instrumentation , Larynx/surgery , Suture Anchors/veterinary
9.
Vet Surg ; 40(4): 500-8, 2011 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21521243

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe laparoscopic-assisted colopexy and sterilization, and evaluate outcome and effects in healthy male dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS: Male Beagle dogs (n=7). METHODS: A laparoscopic-assisted, extracorporeally sutured colopexy, and sterilization by ligation and section of the testicular vessels and ductus deferens were evaluated 11 weeks after surgery. Ex vivo tensile tests were performed on the colopexy sites and loss of testicular function was assessed by monitoring serum testosterone, and by ultrasonographic and histologic examinations of the testes. Systemic inflammation and potential iatrogenic colonic functional disorders were investigated by monitoring serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in the perioperative period and from a sulfapyridine (SP) kinetic profile obtained before and 10 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: No intraoperative complications were recorded and clinical outcome was considered fair in all dogs. A mean tensile force of 42 N was required to disrupt colopexies. No relevant postoperative increase in CRP concentrations or changes in SP kinetics were observed. Testicular function was lost. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic-assisted colopexy achieved adhesion of the colon to the abdominal wall and testicular endocrine function and spermatogenesis were eliminated by laparoscopic castration.


Subject(s)
Colon/surgery , Dogs/surgery , Laparoscopy/veterinary , Sterilization, Reproductive/veterinary , Testis/surgery , Animals , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Dogs/blood , Laparoscopy/adverse effects , Laparoscopy/methods , Male , Sterilization, Reproductive/adverse effects , Sterilization, Reproductive/methods
10.
Vet Surg ; 38(8): 967-74, 2009 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20017855

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe a laparoscopic-sutured gastropexy technique in dogs and evaluate the tensile strength of the adhesion and effects on gastric function. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS: Female beagle dogs (n=7). METHODS: A laparoscopic-sutured gastropexy technique was evaluated by ex vivo tensile distraction tests 10 weeks after surgery. The effect of the adhesion on gastric emptying, mucosal permeability, and systemic inflammation were evaluated by monitoring the C-reactive protein (CRP) and sucrose permeability, and by radiographic evaluation of gastric emptying 2 weeks before and 10 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Mean (+/-SD) tensile force to disrupt adhesions was 51.1+/-16.4 N. There was no significant postoperative increase in CRP concentration or change in sucrose permeability. The area under the curve representing the postprandial decrease in gastric radiographic area increased by 11% after gastropexy. CONCLUSIONS: This laparoscopic gastropexy technique had appropriate mechanical and functional characteristics with limited morbidity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This laparoscopic-sutured gastropexy provides adhesion strength comparable with other gastropexy techniques tested at 10 weeks postoperatively. Only minor changes in gastric emptying were observed 10 weeks after surgery.


Subject(s)
Dogs/surgery , Laparoscopy/veterinary , Stomach/surgery , Suture Techniques/veterinary , Adhesiveness , Animals , Dogs/physiology , Female , Gastric Dilatation/surgery , Gastric Dilatation/veterinary , Gastric Emptying , Laparoscopy/methods , Stomach/physiology , Tensile Strength , Tissue Adhesions/veterinary , Treatment Outcome
11.
Res Vet Sci ; 85(3): 407-17, 2008 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18367219

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The incidence of femoral traumatology and hip dysplasia shows the need to design canine specific femoral implants in veterinary surgery. A good knowledge of femoral morphology, and particularly of intra-species variability, is required to develop a well-adapted canine femoral intramedullary implant. The aim of this study is to evaluate the morphological variability of the canine femur and to propose a segmentation of this population. PROCEDURE: This study proposes different possibilities for the segmentation of a canine population of 103 dogs of various common breeds in relation to their femoral morphology. These segmentations were obtained with a statistical methodology, which takes into account 24 measured and calculated morphological parameters of 206 canine femurs. RESULTS: The segmentation of this canine population into four or six homogeneous groups related to the femoral morphology were the two most relevant solutions. The total length of the femur and the femoral head diameter were the best discriminant parameters for this segmentation. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the variability of the femoral morphology in the canine species and the possibility of splitting the canine population into homogeneous morphological groups are useful for the design of specific canine femoral implants. The femoral morphological profiles of each group constitute an essential database for fitting the best orthopedic implant to the bone.


Subject(s)
Dogs/anatomy & histology , Dogs/classification , Femur/anatomy & histology , Animals , Breeding/methods , Cluster Analysis , Dogs/genetics , Functional Laterality , Genetic Variation , Posture , Species Specificity , Veterinary Medicine/methods , Veterinary Medicine/standards
12.
Res Vet Sci ; 80(3): 243-52, 2006 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16169026

ABSTRACT

Dogs are often used as experimental models for studies of human hip replacement. A precise knowledge of femoral morphology is required to improve osteointegration of cementless prostheses by bone ingrowth or determination of the best design for total hip prostheses. To better understand the differences between breeds, we measured or calculated 24 external and internal features of the femur on standard radiographs of dogs that differed greatly in size and body type. We considered the appropriateness of the canine model for human total hip replacement studies and show that human and canine femurs differ in characteristics like anteversion, cortico-medullary index or endosteal shape. Knowledge of these differences and similarities makes it possible to design well-adapted stems for dogs.


Subject(s)
Dogs/anatomy & histology , Femur/anatomy & histology , Animals , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Femur/diagnostic imaging , Hip Prosthesis , Humans , Male , Prosthesis Design/methods , Radiography
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