Is Human Papillomavirus and Helicobacter pylori Related in Gastric Lesions?

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV), the causative agent of cervical cancer, is also suggested as a risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma. Many infectious agents besides Helicobacter pylori have been associated with gastritis. The aim of this study was to investigate HPV DNA and genotyping HPV type 16 DNA in gastric adenocarcinoma and Helicobacter pylori gastritis cases. METHODS: A hundred and six gastric adenocarcinoma and Helicobacter pylori gastritis samples and 26 controls were included. After deparaffinization by xylene, DNA extraction was performed by the phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol method and 106 samples were studied with a G6PDH control kit (Eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium). Fifty-three adenocarcinoma and 43 Helicobacter pylori samples were thought to have enough tissue and were studied for HPV DNA. HPV types other than 16 and HPV type 16 DNA were detected by Real Time PCR using the L1 region. Amplifications of MY09/11 products were done by GP5+/GP6+ primers and Cyanine-5 labeled HPV DNA and HPV 16 DNA specific probe in Light Cycler 2.0 (Roche Diagnostics, Germany) device. RESULTS: Among gastric adenocarcinoma and Helicobacter pylori gastritis samples, 20/53 (38%) and 18/43 (41.8%) were HPV DNA positive, respectively. Five (19.2%) of 26 controls were HPV DNA positive. CONCLUSIONS: Our 38% positive result in the gastric carcinoma group is in concordance with previous reports. This is the first study revealing the HPV-H. pylori relationship in gastritis cases and we concluded that with regard to the nearly three-fold higher HPV DNA (41.8%) in gastritis cases compared to controls, Helicobacter pylori positive cases should also be evaluated in favor of HPV in the gastritis group.

Performance of CarbaNP and CIM tests in OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae.

This study applied two phenotypic tests, namely "Carbapenemase Nordmann-Poirel" (CarbaNP) test and "Carbapenem Inactivation Method" (CIM), against the isolates carrying the carbapenem resistance genes. The study included 83 carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates producing oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48) and 30 carbapenem-sensitive Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Out of the total isolates studied, 77 isolates (92.77%) were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae and six isolates (7.23%) were identified as Escherichia coli by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method used to detect resistance genes found that 74 isolates (89.16%) produced OXA-48 carbapenemase, whereas nine isolates (10.84%) produced both OXA-48 and New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1). The isolates producing both OXA-48 and NDM-1 were found to be positive by both phenotypic tests. Among isolates carrying only blaOXA-48 gene alone, nine isolates (13.04%) for CarbaNP test and two isolates for CIM test (2.90%) displayed false negative results, respectively. The sensitivity of CarbaNP and CIM tests was found to be 89.16% and 97.59%, respectively, whereas the specificity was determined to be 100% for both tests. These findings suggest that CarbaNP and CIM tests are useful tools to identify the carbapenemase producers. Molecular methods like PCR are recommended to verify false negative tests predicted to have OXA-48 activity.

[The comparison of antibiotic susceptibilities of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates in transition from CLSI to EUCAST]. / CLSI'dan EUCAST'e geçiste üriner sistem enfeksiyonu etkeni Escherichia coli izolatlarinin antibiyotik duyarliliklarinin karsilastirilmasi.

Determination of treatment protocols for infections according to antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) results is are important for controlling the problem of antibiotic resistance. Two standards are widely used in the world. One of them is Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standards used in Turkey for many years and the other is the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) standards which is used in European Union member countries and came into use in 2015 in Turkey. Since the EUCAST standards had higher clinical sensitivity limits particularly for gram-negative bacilli compared to CLSI (2009) standards, there will be some changes in antibiotic resistance profiles of Turkey with the use of EUCAST. CLSI has changed zone diameters after 2009 versions and the differences between the two standards were brought to a minimum level. Knowledge of local epidemiological data is important to determine empirical therapy which will be used in urinary tract infections (UTI). The aim of this study was to determine the differences of antibiotic susceptibility zone diameters based on our local epidemiological data among uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates according to EUCAST 2014 and CLSI 2014 standards. A total of 298 E.coli strains isolated from urine samples as the cause of uncomplicated acute UTI agents, were included in the study. Isolates were identified by conventional methods and with BBL Crystal E/NF ID System (Becton Dickinson, USA). AST was performed with Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and results were evaluated and interpreted according to the CLSI 2014 and EUCAST 2014 standards. According to the results, susceptibility rates of isolates against amikacin (100%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (63.09%) were identical in both standards. However, statistically significant differences were observed between CLSI and EUCAST standards in terms of susceptibilities against gentamicin (91.95% and 84.56%, respectively; p= 0.004), cefuroxime axetil (20.13% and 77.18%, respectively; p= 0.000) and levofloxacin (73.83% and 67.11%, respectively; p= 0.044). No statistically differences between two standards for ampicillin (32.89% and 36.24%, respectively; p= 0.219), ampicillin-sulbactam (65.77% and 69.13%, respectively; p= 0.216), ciprofloxacin (72.48% and 71.14%, respectively; p= 0.392) and imipenem (94.63% and 95.30%, respectively; p= 0.426) were determined. In this transitional period, continuity of cooperation between the clinician and microbiology laboratory should be kept forefront and the maintenance of local surveillance studies should be provided by taking into account the changes in antibiotic susceptibility results.