[Liver blood flow during xenon anesthesia in surgical hepatology]. / Krovotok pecheni pri anestezii ksenonom v khirurgicheskoi gepatologii.

The authors present their experience gained in anesthesias for resection of the liver. Methods for evaluating total liver blood flow by ueveredine dilution, portal blood flow by thermodilution, changes in arterial blood supply during and after the operation are discussed. Effects of methods of anesthesia on total liver blood flow and some parameters of systemic hemodynamics are analyzed. Effects of neuroleptanalgesia, ketamine and xenon anesthesia on liver blood flow are compared. The efficiencies of anesthesias for resection of the liver and their effects on liver function during and after the operation are evaluated. The results evidence that disorders in liver circulation parameters were far less pronounced in the patients operated on under Xe anesthesia in comparison with patients operated on under neuroleptanalgesia and calypsol anesthesia. The study confirmed a pronounced analgesic effect of xenon, and clinical results confirmed that Xe anesthesia can be used in traumatic interventions.

[Growth and development of plants in a row of generations under the conditions of space flight (experiment Greenhouse-5)]. / Rost i razvitie rastenii v riadu pokolenii v usloviiakh kosmicheskogo poleta v éksperimente "Oranzhereia-5".

Results of the experiment aimed at harvesting a second space generation of wheat var. Apogee in Mir greenhouse Svet (experiment GREENHOUSE-5) are presented. In space flight, germination rate of space seeds from the first crop made up 89% against 100% of the ground seeds. The full biological ripeness was observed in 20 plants grown from the ground seeds and one plant grown from the space seeds following 80- to 90-d vegetation. The plant of the second space generation was morphologically different neither from the species in the first space crop nor from the ground controls. To study the biological characteristics of Apogee seeds gathered in the first and second crops in spaceflight experiment GREENHOUSE-5, the seeds were planted on their return to the laboratory. Morphometric analysis showed that they were essentially similar to the controls. Hence, the space experiments in Mir greenhouse Svet performed during 1998-1999 gave proof that plants cultivated in microgravity can pass the ontogenetic cycle more than once. However, initial results of the investigations into growth and development of plants through several generations are still in-sufficient to speak of possible delayed effects of the spaceflight factors (microgravity, multicomponent radiation, harmful trace contaminants etc.).

[Growth of wheat from seed-to-seed in space flight]. / Vyrashchivanie pshenitsy "ot semeni do semeni" v usloviiakh kosmicheskogo poleta.

In our earlier space experiment with super dwarf wheat we found the spikes developed in space to be barren. The cause of the full crop sterility was sensitivity of this wheat species to the ethylene concentration of 0.3-0.8 mg/m3 during the experiment. The follow-up ground experiments were made to identify species of dwarf wheat that could be raised in space greenhouse Svet and are distinguished by partial tolerance of their reproductive organs to elevated ethylene in air. The choice fell on the USU-Apogee cultivar specially developed for planting in growth chambers as an integral part of various bioregenerative life support systems, including the space ones. An experiment with wheat Apogee was performed in greenhouse Svet on board MIR. The period of the full crop vegetation cycle was not significantly altered under the spaceflight conditions. The experiment yielded 508 seeds from 12 plants, i.e. by 38% less than in laboratory experiments and by 69% more as compared with results of growing crops in ethylene-contaminated atmosphere (1 mg/m3). Mass of the space seeds was low if compared with the laboratory crops. This was the first time when the feasibility of gathering seeds from wheat that had passed the whole vegetation cycle in space flight was demonstrated. The experiment will give mightly impetus to the advancement of research on space biological LSS and gravitational biology.

Study of cosmic rays and light flashes on board Space Station MIR: the SilEye experiment.

The SilEye experiment aims to study the cause and processes related to the anomalous Light Flashes (LF) perceived by astronauts in orbit and their relation with Cosmic Rays. These observations will be also useful in the study of the long duration manned space flight environment. Two PC-driven silicon detector telescopes have been built and placed aboard Space Station MIR. SilEye-1 was launched in 1995 and provided particles track and LF information; the data gathered indicate a linear dependence of FLF(Hz) ( 4 2) 10(3) 5.3 1.7 10(4) Fpart(Hz) if South Atlantic Anomaly fluxes are not included. Even though higher statistic is required, this is an indication that heavy ion interactions with the eye are the main LF cause. To improve quality and quantity of measurements, a second apparatus, SilEye-2, was placed on MIR in 1997, and started work from August 1998. This instrument provides energetic information, which allows nuclear identification in selected energy ranges; we present preliminary measurements of the radiation field inside MIR performed with SilEye-2 detector in June 1998.

[Sucking effect of diaphragm and its significance in drainage of abdominal cavity during hepatic surgery]. / Prisasyvaiushchii éffekt diafragmy i ego znachenie pri drenirovanii briushnoi polosti pri operatsiiakh na pecheni.

Investigation of the value of the sucking effect of the diaphragm in 44 patients was carried out. The first group consisted of 28 patients who have not undergone hepatic resection. The second group included patients after hepatic resections of various volume in local pathology. The balloon method in modification of this clinic was used for measurement of the value of the sucking effect. In patients of the first group the value of sucking effect was almost two times more under the right cupula of the diaphragm (130.33 + 4.78 mm of water column) in comparison with the left infradiaphragmatic space. It is responsible for presence of the slot between the right half of the liver and the diaphragm, which aggravates the sucking effect. In the second group of patients the value of the sucking effect under the right diaphragmatic cupula was practically the same as in patients of the first group. After right-sided hemihepatectomy the value of the sucking effect under right cupula of the diaphragm has significantly diminished. After resection of the right lobe of the liver as well as after left-sided hemihepatectomy, or without them, the value of sucking effect under left cupula of the diaphragm did not significantly differ. The investigations showed that vacuum-aspiration with vacuum of not less than 150 mm water column should be used for effective drainage of infradiaphragmatic space.

[Transfusion therapy in extensive resections of the liver]. / Transfuzionnaia terapiia pri obshirnykh rezektsiiakh pecheni.

The authors have studied central hemodynamics, blood loss and acid-base balance as well as the oxygen transport in 23 patients subjected to extensive resections of the liver. In 13 of them the operation was preceded by controlled hemodilution of 10-20% volume of the total circulating blood volume. The authors arrive at a conclusion that controlled hemodilution exerts a favorable influence on the whole course of the operative period. The effective oxygen transport may be used as a criterion of the adequate transfusion therapy in extensive resections of the liver.