Repercusión del coonfinamento durante el estado de alarma por SARS - COV -2 en urgencias de un hospital psiquiátrico / Repercussion of the coonfinamento during the state of alarm by SARS - VOC-2 in the emergency room of a psychiatric hospital

Como describen Yao & Chen (2020), las personas con trastorno mental son más susceptibles a factores estresantes externos. Sobre esta premisa, nos planteamos como hipótesis que el estado de alarma había repercutido en el número y características de las visitas psiquiátricas en el Servicio de Urgencias. El objetivo general del estudio fue describir los motivos de consulta relacionados con COVID-19 en urgencias del Hospital Sagrat Cor de Martorell durante el primer estado de alarma (del 14/03/2020 al 21/06/2020). Para ello, se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal a partir de los datos de los informes de visitas a urgencias durante el primer confinamiento decretado en España. Seleccionamos como muestra 121 visitas relacionadas con COVID-19. El mayor porcentaje de las visitas fue durante la segunda mitad del estado de alarma, a pesar de que durante este periodo se realizaron menos ingresos en valores porcentuales. Como principal conclusión, destacaríamos la mayor proporción de ingresos psiquiátricos durante el primer periodo del estado de alarma, a pesar de que a medida que transcurre el tiempo de confinamiento se incrementa el número de visitas en urgencias (AU)

As Yao & Chen (2020) describe, people with mental disorders are more susceptible to external stressors. Based on this premise, we hypothesized that the state of emergency had an impact on the number and characteristics of psychiatric visits in the Emergency Department. The general objective of the study was to describe the reasons for consultation related to COVID-19 in the emergency room of the Hospital Sagrat Cor de Martorell during the first state of alarm (from 03/14/2020 to 06/21/2020). An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out based on the data from the reports of visits to the emergency room during the first confinement decreed in Spain. Qualitative data on the content of the visit, diagnosis and need for admission were collected. We selected as a sample 121 visits related to COVID-19. The highest percentage of visits was during the second half of the state of alarm, despite the fact that fewer admissions were made in percentage terms during this period. As the main conclusion, we would highlight the higher proportion of psychiatric admissions during the first period of the state of alarm, despite the fact that as the time of confinement elapses, the number of visits to the emergency room increases. (AU)

Acetaminophen use in pregnancy and neurodevelopment: attention function and autism spectrum symptoms.

Background: Acetaminophen is extensively used during pregnancy. But there is a lack of population-representative cohort studies evaluating its effects on a range of neuropsychological and behavioural endpoints. We aimed to assess whether prenatal exposure to acetaminophen is adversely associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 1 and 5 years of age. Methods: This Spanish birth cohort study included 2644 mother-child pairs recruited during pregnancy. The proportion of liveborn participants evaluated at 1 and 5 years was 88.8% and 79.9%, respectively. Use of acetaminophen was evaluated prospectively in two structured interviews. Ever/never use and frequency of use (never, sporadic, persistent) were measured. Main neurodevelopment outcomes were assessed using Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST), Conner's Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT) and ADHD-DSM-IV form list. Regression models were adjusted for social determinants and co-morbidities. Results: Over 40% of mothers reported using acetaminophen. Ever-exposed offspring had higher risks of presenting more hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.98), K-CPT commission errors (IRR = 1.10, 1.03-1.17), and lower detectability scores (coefficient ß = -0.75, -0.13--0.02). CAST scores were increased in ever-exposed males (ß = 0.63, 0.09-1.18). Increased effect sizes of risks by frequency of use were observed for hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms (IRR = 2.01, 0.95-4.24) in all children, K-CPT commission errors (IRR = 1.32, 1.05-1.66) and detectability (ß = -0.18, -0.36-0.00) in females, and CAST scores in males (ß = 1.91, 0.44-3.38). Conclusions: Prenatal acetaminophen exposure was associated with a greater number of autism spectrum symptoms in males and showed adverse effects on attention-related outcomes for both genders. These associations seem to be dependent on the frequency of exposure.

Influencia de la violencia en el medio escolar y en sus docentes: estudio en una localidad de Bogotá, Colombia / Influence of Violence on Teachers and the School: A Study in a Locality of Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción: Existen algunos factores que aumentan el riesgo de aparición del síndrome de agotamiento profesional (SAP), como ejercer el trabajo en condiciones de violencia. Objetivo: Conocer la influencia de la violencia y de las pandillas en el quehacer docente y la apreciación de los profesores sobre la calidad de la educación. Método: Un estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo en 3 sedes de un colegio sometido a actos violentos por parte de pandillas. Se presentan los datos cualitativos que se derivan de 5 entrevistas en profundidad con informantes clave y 9 grupos focales (GF) con 114 docentes de 137 (83,2%). Resultados: Se describe la situación de violencia por pandillas. Se evidencian en los docentes situaciones de miedo, angustia o temor; desconcierto e incertidumbre; inseguridad y desconfianza; frustración, impotencia y desesperanza; tristeza y otras emociones derivadas de la situación. Se encontró disminución rendimiento docente-estudiante; poca autoridad y ruptura de límite; libertades limitadas; in uencia en la salud mental y en lo emocional del docente, entre otras. Los docentes sugieren dar mayor apoyo para actividades lúdicas, deportivas y espirituales; implementar nuevos métodos o estrategias pedagógicos; leyes en defensa de profesores e incentivos para éstos, entre otros. Conclusiones: La situación de violencia por pandillas afecta a la comunidad entera y por este motivo, también ejerce efectos sobre la relación profesor-estudiante y sobre la calidad de la educación. Por tanto, se requieren medidas orientadas a mejorar la comunicación entre los diferentes actores, y a proteger la labor educativa que estos profesionales llevan a cabo...

Introduction: There are related factors that increase the risk of presenting burnout syndrome, such as working in violent conditions. Objectives: To study the influence that violence in the community and gangs has on teaching on a daily basis, as well as the teachers’ opinion on the quality of education. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study in three locations of a school subject to violent acts by gangs. The qualitative data came from deep interviews with key informants and nine focal groups with 114 of the 137 teachers (83.2%). Results: The deep interviews describe the violent situation that gangs generate in the sector. We found that teachers experience: Fear and anguish, uncertainty, lack of security and distrust, frustration and impotence, sadness, and other emotions derived from the situation. In the second question the findings where: Lower student-teacher performance, no boundaries and little authority, limited freedom, consequences on the mental and emotional health of the teacher, among others. The teachers suggest more support for spiritual activities, sports, arts and fieldtrips; implementation of new methods and strategies for teaching; laws to protect the teacher and incentives for them, among others. Conclusions: The violence generated by the gangs affects the entire community, indirectly affecting the teacher-student relationship, and therefore the quality of education. This problem requires immediate actions to improve communication among the different parties implicated in the problem, and measures to protect the educational tasks undertaken by the teachers...

El docente, su entorno y el síndrome de agotamiento profesional (SAP) en colegios públicos en Bogotá (Colombia) / Teachers, their environment and burnout syndrome (PBS) in public schools in Bogota (Colombia)

Introducción: El síndrome de agotamiento profesional (SAP) o burnout es de gran importancia y prevalencia entre los docentes; no obstante, en Colombia se ha estudiado poco. Objetivos: (1) Describir algunas características de los docentes respecto a su entorno laboral, bienestar y satisfacción personal, dificultades laborales, relación con estudiantes con dificultades y autoconocimiento, y (2) analizar su relación con el SAP en tres colegios públicos de Bogotá. Método: Se evaluó el SAP en docentes con un estudio de corte transversal, tipo encuesta, en tres colegios públicos de Bogotá, Colombia, mediante el Inventario de Maslach para Burnout y un cuestionario diseñado para indagar sobre factores socieodemográficos, personales y laborales. Resultados: Se realizaron 343 encuestas, de 367 previstas, para un índice de respuesta del 93,4%. El SAP tiene una prevalencia del 15,6%. El análisis factorial del cuestionario diseñado para docentes encontró que evaluaba cinco dimensiones y dentro de estas son evidentes las quejas sobre el ambiente laboral y las dificultades en los colegios, así como que más de un 70% de los docentes no se sienten preparados para manejar estudiantes con discapacidad física, mental y sensorial. Se establecieron relaciones entre algunos de estos factores y la presencia o no de SAP. Conclusión: El SAP es frecuente en docentes, existen quejas en múltiples esferas y se requieren intervenciones de salud mental que lleven a mejorar la interacción docente-alumno, en aras de mejorar la calidad de la educación...

Introduction: Despite the high prevalence and importance of burnout syndrome among teachers, it has rarely been studied in Colombia. Objective: To document and describe the following as they relate to burnout syndrome in three public schools in Bogotá: characteristics of the typical teaching environment, characteristics of student-teacher relations, the degree of well-being and personal satisfaction felt by teachers, as well as the difficulties they face on the job. Methods: A cross-sectional study was employed at three public schools in Bogotá. Teachers were evaluated via the Maslach Inventory for Burnout and a questionnaire encompassing sociodemographic, personal, and professional factors. Results: 343 out of 367 possible teachers completed the questionnaire resulting in a 93.4% response rate. The prevalence of burnout among this population was 15.6%. A factorial analysis of the questionnaire defined 5 categories of influence: work environment, personal satisfaction, work difficulties, working with problem students, and self-knowledge. Complaints related to work environment and work difficulties were the most common and more than 70% of survey-takers did not feel prepared to work with students possessing physical, mental or sensory handicaps. Some associations between these issues and the presence or absence of burnout syndrome were established. Conclusion: Burnout syndrome is a common occurrence among teachers in Bogotá stemming from a number of factors. Mental health interventions aimed at improving student-teacher interactions are required to enhance the overall quality of our educational system...

Prevalencia y características del síndrome de agotamiento profesional (SAP) en docentes de tres colegios públicos de Bogotá (Colombia) / Prevalence and Characteristics of Burnout Syndrome among Teachers of Three Public Schools in Bogotá (Colombia)

Introducción: El síndrome de agotamiento profesional (SAP) o burnout tiene gran importancia y prevalencia entre los trabajadores de la salud y está parcialmente estudiado entre los docentes. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y las características asociadas al SAP en tres colegios públicos de Bogotá. Método: Se realizó un diseño de corte transversal, tipo encuesta, en tres colegios públicos de Bogotá. Se evaluaron los docentes mediante el Inventario de Maslach para agotamiento profesional y un cuestionario diseñado para evaluar factores sociodemográficos, personales y laborales. Resultados: Se realizaron 343 encuestas, de 367 previstas, para un índice de respuesta del 93,4%. Se halló que el SAP tiene una prevalencia de 15,4% para los docentes y que podría aumentar a 29,7% si se tiene en cuenta que dos de los tres dominios del SAP están por encima del percentil 30. Un 25,3% de los docentes presentaron cansancio emocional alto. La prevalencia de SAP fue menor en docentes mayores de 55 años, con 21 a 30 años de experiencia; en aquellos que solamente trabajan una jornada, y en los que tienen cargos directivos. Es menos frecuente en docentes casados y en aquellos que tienen más hijos. Conclusión: El SAP es frecuente en docentes y requiere intervenciones de salud mental que lleven a mejorar la interacción docente-alumno.

Introduction: Burnout syndrome is highly prevalent among health care professionals, but has only been partially studied in teachers. Objective: To determine the characteristics associated to burnout syndrome in teachers of three public schools in the city of Bogotá (Colombia). Method: Teachers were evaluated according to the Maslach Inventory for Burnout and a questionnaire designed to evaluate socio-demographic, personal and job-related factors. Results: 343 out of 367 questionnaires were completed, giving a response index of 93.4%. It was noted that burnout syndrome had a prevalence of 15.4% in teachers but it could actually rise to 29.7% if the fact is taken into account that two out of three domains of burnout syndrome were above the 30th percentile. 25.3% of the teachers had high emotional tiredness. The prevalence of burnout syndrome was lower in teachers over 55 years of age with 21 to 30 years of working experience, also in those who worked less hours a day and in those with high directive positions. It was also less frequent in married teachers and in those who have more children. Conclusion: Burnout syndrome is frequent in teachers and requires interventions in mental health in order to improve the teacher-student relationship.